{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T07:40:12Z","timestamp":1792309212014,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Urologia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In recent years we have witnessed increasing interest for the role of microbiota in the pathophysiology and management of prostatic diseases. However, there are several aspects to comprehend. Here, we aim to assess the gut microbiota composition and faecal microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids production (SCFAs) in the pathogenesis of CP\/CPPS. All patients with CP\/CPPS attending our urology centre, were enrolled in this study, and underwent urological examination, microbiological evaluation, intestinal microbiota analysis and measurement of interleukins in semen. A cohort of subjects who had undergone intestinal microbiota investigation for various reasons but did not exhibit any symptoms of urological disease, was used as control group. Laboratory data from the two groups were analysed in terms of gut microbiota composition and levels of SCFAs. We enrolled 37 patients and 45 controls. In the CP\/CPPS patient group, the mean levels of interleukins were: IL-8 934\u2009pg\/ml, IL-10 64\u2009pg\/ml, IL-6 871\u2009pg\/ml. In this patient group, we found higher levels of Bifidobacteriaceae and Bacteroidaceae and lower levels of Prevotella and Lactobacillus with a Firmicutes\/Bacteroides mean ratio at 0.27. The control group had a normal Firmicutes\/Bacteroides mean ratio (1.6). The two groups showed a significant difference in total SCFAs levels (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.001) and in particular regarding indole-3-propionic acid (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.003) and butyric acid (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). A statistically significant correlation was found between the levels of IL-8 and a decreasing SCFAs production (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). A difference in gut microbiota between patients with CP\/CPPS and controls, together with a reduction in faecal levels of microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids and decreased IL-8 levels in semen, might be part of the pathophysiological mechanism in CP\/CPPS.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/03915603261476871","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:42:23Z","timestamp":1787031743000},"page":"777-784","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids are associated with symptoms in chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome through the production of proinflammatory cytokines: Results from a comparative study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"93","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7234-3526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommaso","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdepartmental Centre of Medical Sciences (CISMed), University of Trento, Italy"},{"name":"Urology Division, Santa Chiara Regional and Teaching Hospital, Provincial Health Care Agency (APSS), Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Tamanini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Division, Santa Chiara Regional and Teaching Hospital, Provincial Health Care Agency (APSS), Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katia","family":"Odorizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Division, Santa Chiara Regional and Teaching Hospital, Provincial Health Care Agency (APSS), Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2423-2933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommaso","family":"Ceccato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Division, Santa Chiara Regional and Teaching Hospital, Provincial Health Care Agency (APSS), Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Botti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Division, Santa Chiara Regional and Teaching Hospital, Provincial Health Care Agency (APSS), Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Gallelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Mazzoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Unit and STDs Centre, Santa Maria Annunziata Hospital, Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Palmieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, University of Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Truls E.","family":"Bjerklund Johansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai T Alidjanov J Palagin I et al. Chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP\/CPPS): look to the future. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2024; 27(2): 239\u2013241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41391-023-00645-7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391-023-00645-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barker ES Chiu K Brown VL et al. Urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome flares: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of the peer-reviewed flare literature. J Urol 2024; 211(3): 341\u2013353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JU.0000000000003820","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000003820"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen J Chen B Lin B et al. The role of gut microbiota in prostate inflammation and benign prostatic hyperplasia and its therapeutic implications. 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Seminal plasma cytokines and chemokines in prostate inflammation: Interleukin 8 as a predictive biomarker in chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Eur Urol 2007; 51(2): 524\u2013533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eururo.2006.07.016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2006.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazzoli S Cai T Rupealta V et al. Interleukin 8 and anti-Chlamydia trachomatis mucosal IgA as urogenital immunologic markers in patients with C. Trachomatis prostatic infection. Eur Urol 2007; 51(5): 1385\u20131393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eururo.2006.10.059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2006.10.059"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vocca C Abrego-Guandique DM Cione E et al. Probiotics in the management of chronic bacterial prostatitis patients: a randomized double-blind trial to evaluate a possible link between gut microbiota restoring and symptom relief. 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Fosfomycin trometamol and N-acetyl-L-cysteine as combined oral therapy of difficult-to-treat chronic bacterial prostatitis: results of a pilot study. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 56(1): 105935. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105935"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caporaso JG Lauber CL Walters WA et al. Global patterns of 16S rRNA diversity at a depth of millions of sequences per sample. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2011; 108(supplement_1): 4516\u20134522. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1000080107","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000080107"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du HX Yue SY Niu D et al. Gut microflora modulates Th17\/treg cell differentiation in experimental autoimmune prostatitis via the short-chain fatty acid propionate. 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