{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T08:40:44Z","timestamp":1777711244395,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most leading causes of death worldwide. Previous studies reported that gallium alone and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) have antineoplastic activities; therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the activity of copper\u2010cetyl tri\u2010methyl ammonium bromide with gallium oxide nanoparticles (Cu\u2010CTAB+GaO\u2010NPs) against HCC by using in vitro and in vivo studies. Methods: In vitro study was performed to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of Cu\u2010CTAB+GaO\u2010NPs and GaO\u2010NPs on HepG\u20102 cell line using crystal violet dye assay. In vivo study was done on diethyl nitrosamine (DEN) induced HCC Wister rats. Rats were randomly divided into eight groups; control, Cu\u2010CTAB, GaO\u2010NPs, Cu\u2010CTAB+GaONPs, DEN, DEN+Cu\u2010CTAB, DEN+GaO\u2010NPs and DEN+Cu\u2010CTAB+GaO\u2010NPs. Histopathological examination of liver and biochemical parameters such as liver function markers, oxidative stress-antioxidants markers, tumor makers, apoptosis makers were studied. Results: Results obtained from in vitro study revealed that Cu\u2010CTAB+GaO\u2010NPs and GaO\u2010NPs affect the cell viability of HepG\u20102 cancer cell with IC50 0.2\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml and 360\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml, respectively. Cu\u2010CTAB+GaO\u2010NPs exerted an antiproliferative effect in experimental rat models of HCC, as demonstrated both histologically, since it facilitated the tissue recovery of the damaged liver, and biochemically as showed by the reduction of liver function markers (ALT &amp; AST), oxidative stress markers (MDA) and tumor makers (AFP,TGF\u2010\u03b21,\u03b1\u2010L\u2013Fucosidase); while antioxidants markers (SOD), apoptosis markers (caspase\u20103 mRNA) and araginase activity were elevated in DEN+Cu\u2010CTAB, DEN+GaO\u2010NPs and DEN+Cu\u2010CTAB+GaO\u2010NPs groups when compared to DEN group. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that both Cu\u2010CTAB alone and\/or combined with GaO\u2010NPs exerted cytotoxic effects against DEN-induced HCC, which would in turn, speculate a possible therapeutic role of the novel Cu\u2010CTAB+GaO\u2010NPs compound.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/03946320231180708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]],"date-time":"2023-06-05T12:35:16Z","timestamp":1685968516000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["<i>In vitro<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>in vivo<\/i>\n                    studies of a newly synthesized copper-cetyl tri-methyl ammonium bromide combined with gallium oxide nanoparticles complex as an antitumor agent against hepatocellular carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Fatma SM","family":"Moawed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Radiation Research 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