{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T02:26:38Z","timestamp":1785464798630,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The balance between proinflammatory IFN-\u03b3 Th1 vs. the anti-inflammatory allergy-mediating IL-4-heralded Th2 reactions is pivotal in IgE-mediated allergic rhinitis (AR). Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF)-1\u03b1 is inducible by hypoxia and various cytokines. HIF-1\u03b1 activates different anti-pathogen and allergic immune cells. This cross-sectional study assessed the changes in serum HIF-1\u03b1 and its dependent erythropoietin (EPO) levels among hospital-characterized AR patients. Type of the immune reaction, Th1 vs. Th2, was stratified based on the calculated IL-4\/IFN-\u03b3 direct ratio, after being measured using specific ELISA assays.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>147 AR patients (83 males\/64 females), and age-, BMI-, and gender-matched 24 healthy controls (13 males\/11 females) were sequentially enrolled at ENT Unit, Prince Muteb General Hospital, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia. Measurement of serum parameters was carried out using specific ELISA assays.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Contrary to the majority of previous publications, all controls and the majority of patients ( n = 137\/147) exhibited naive Th0 immune response. IFN-\u03b3 and HIF-1\u03b1 levels were greater in controls than in patients (168.9 \u00b1 173.9 vs 108 \u00b1 94.5\u00a0pg\/mL; p&lt;.012) and controls had a lower IL-4\/IFN-ratio (2.439 \u00b1 0.897 vs 3.33 \u00b1 1.19; p&lt;.001) than patients. The HIF-1\u03b1 results disagree with earlier studies. Due to the wide inter-individual variations, serum IL-4 and EPO levels in controls were non-significantly higher than patients. Lower IL-4 levels (267.3 \u00b1 79.95 vs 353.4 \u00b1 320.6\u00a0pg\/mL; p &lt; .01) and the ratio (2.814 \u00b1 1.335 vs 3.431 \u00b1 1.137; p &lt; .05) were associated with obstructive sleep apnea. Lower ratio was also associated with inferior turbinate hypertrophy (3.051 \u00b1 1.026 vs 3.787 \u00b1 1.310; p &lt; .001). EPO and IL-4 levels were lower in patients with deviated nasal septum (66.69 \u00b1 26.81 vs 84.24 \u00b1 61.5\u00a0pg\/mL; p &lt; .021; and 299.5 \u00b1 137.3 vs 391.1 \u00b1 52.780\u00a0pg\/mL; p &lt; .001, respectively). Significant correlations were found between the recorded levels and AR comorbidities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results confirmed a pathogenic implication for HIF-1\u03b1 and IFN-\u03b3 in AR that warranted future bigger and longitudinal studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/03946320231196745","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,19]],"date-time":"2023-08-19T00:57:20Z","timestamp":1692406640000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Changes in serum hypoxia-inducible factor-1\u03b1 and erythropoietin in allergic rhinitis patients: Correlation with the Th inflammatory profile and disease comorbidities"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Abdullah N.","family":"Al-Rasheedi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulrahman H.","family":"Almaeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah D.","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, College of Medicine, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulaziz S. D","family":"Alruwaili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Prince Muteb bin Abdulaziz General Hospital, Ministry of Health,Sakaka,Al-Jouf, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sultan H. H.","family":"Alruwaili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Prince Muteb bin Abdulaziz General Hospital, Ministry of Health,Sakaka,Al-Jouf, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wadad M. A.","family":"Alruwaili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Prince Muteb bin Abdulaziz General Hospital, Ministry of Health,Sakaka,Al-Jouf, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aljoharah S.","family":"Alsakhry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghuyudh M.","family":"Alruwaili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hala M.","family":"ALkuwaykibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noof 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