{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T20:21:36Z","timestamp":1793910096110,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: Altered levels of peripheral inflammatory and proinflammatory cytokine markers affect the different clinical stages of major depressive disorder (MDD). A concrete understanding of the causal mechanism of MDD is a prerequisite in developing treatment strategies and preventive plans. Here we aimed to conduct an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of studies assessing the association of C-reactive protein (CRP), INF-\u03b3, MCP-1, and TNF-\u03b1 in the peripheral fluid of drug-na\u00efve MDD patients and healthy controls (HCs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods: We extracted articles from PubMed, ProQuest, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Scopus databases from inception until 14 February 2021, to find relevant studies. In this meta-analysis, we included a total of 23 eligible studies (1,366 MDD patients and 1,342 controls) in the final meta-analysis. The Cochran\u2019s chi-square Q-test and I2-index were applied to measure the heterogeneity and inconsistency of all combined results. We selected a random-effect model during the analysis and measured publication biases using the funnel plot. We performed Bonferroni adjustment for multiple testing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results: We found a high level of TNF-\u03b1 in MDD patients than in control subjects Standardized Mean Difference (SMD) with a random-effects model: 1.04, 95% CI: 0.69\u20131.39, z = 5.84, p &lt; 0.001). The levels of CRP (SMD with a random-effects model: 0.18, 95% CI: \u22120.85\u20131.23, z = 0.35, p = 0.73), INF-\u0264 (SMD with a random-effects model: \u22120.05, 95% CI: \u22122.72\u20132.62, z = 0.03, p = 0.97), and MCP-1 (SMD with a random-effects model: 0.70, 95% CI: \u22120.09\u20131.49, z = 1.73, p = 0.08) were not significantly varies between MDD patients and HCs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusion: The present study findings suggest the upregulated level of peripheral TNF-\u03b1 but not CRP, INF-\u03b3, and MCP-1 involve in depression. The elevated inflammatory cytokines confirmed the inflammatory state of depression. Therefore, inflammatory cytokines might serve as potential risk assessment markers in MDD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/03946320231198828","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]],"date-time":"2023-08-25T20:03:16Z","timestamp":1692993796000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Evaluation of inflammatory cytokines in drug-na\u00efve major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2820-3144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Rabiul","family":"Islam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Dhaka, 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