{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:07:26Z","timestamp":1787018846374,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013302","name":"King Abdullah International Medical Research Center","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["SP16-237"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SP16-237"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013302","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to investigate the role of cytokines in children with T1D living in Saudi Arabia and their correlation with disease duration and autoimmune antibody markers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A case-control study was conducted in the endocrine clinic of King Abdullah Specialized Children\u2019s Hospital in Riyadh. A total of 274 T1D and healthy control children were enrolled in the study. 5\u00a0mL of venous blood samples were collected in the morning after 9 to 12\u00a0h of fasting in BD Vacutainer\u00ae EDTA tubes and centrifuged at 250 g for 15\u00a0min at. Plasma was then stored at \u221220\u00b0C for detection of anti-islet, anti-GAD antibodies (Abs), and C-peptide using commercial ELISA kits from Thermo Fisher Scientific. The levels of cytokines were measured using commercial sandwich ELISA kits from Abcam.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Median differences in cytokine levels (IFN-\u03b3, TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IL-18, IL-21, IL-35, and IL-37) were significantly higher in T1D patients compared with healthy controls ( p-value &lt; .001). Spearman\u2019s Rho correlation indicated that TNF\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, and IL-21 correlated significantly with T1D Abs ( p-value = .01). HbA1C correlated negatively with IL-35 and IL-37, and positively with IL-18 ( p-value = .01). Linear regression analysis showed a significant increase in anti-glutamic acid antibodies (GAD) in patients with &gt;3\u00a0years of T1D duration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Autoantibodies remained positive at high levels in our patients over a 3-year duration of the disease and correlated with specific cytokines. The clear correlations with disease duration and profile of specific cytokines could be targets for future therapeutic interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/03946320231209821","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T02:10:22Z","timestamp":1699841422000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Correlation analysis between cytokines\u2019 profile, autoimmune antibodies and the duration of type 1 diabetes: A case control study in a specialized children\u2019s centre in Riyadh"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Al-Dubayee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), King Abdullah International Medical Research 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