{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T21:03:51Z","timestamp":1789506231085,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Deanship of Scientific Research at Jouf University for funding this work through the research grant #CV-44-41.","award":["the research grant #CV-44-41."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["the research grant #CV-44-41."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mesenchymal stromal\/stem cells (MSCs) have potent immunomodulatory abilities, particularly in a milieu of hyperactive immune system, through secreting a number of cytokines, growth factors, bioactive compounds and peptides, and by cell-cell contact. During viral infection, failure of immuno-neutralization of the viral particles, recruits T-lymphocytes (T-cells) that clear the virally-infected cells. MSCs greatly potentiate T-cells anti-viral activity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective of this study is to assess the ability of the cytokine-primed MSCs to activated T-cells, towards an antiviral application.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Human umbilical cord MSCs (UC-MSCs) were isolated from Wharton Jelly of a consented donor. UC-MSCs were primed with interferon (INF)-\u03b3 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-\u03b21. Peripheral blood T-cells were isolated using mini-max and CD3+ population was purified using anti-CD3 immuno-magnetic beads. Na\u00efve or primed MSCs were co-cultured with na\u00efve and phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-activated CD3+ T-cells. T-cell activation was evaluated by changes in their rate of proliferation by cell count, flowcytometric immuno-phenotyping for CD25 expression, and IL-6 secretion in the conditioned medium.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings revealed that CD3+ T-cells count nonsignificant differed comparing the five experimental groups; Na\u00efve MSCs, Na\u00efve T cells, coculture with na\u00efve MSCs, coculture with primed MSCs, and upon phytohemagglutinin-activation, despite a nonsignificant reduction of proliferation in the last two groups\u2019 coculture. Only the coculture with the primed MSCs showed significant activation of T-cells assessed as CD25 expression compared to the other groups ( p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001 and p\u2009=\u20090.002, respectively). The undetectable levels of IL-6 in the conditioned medium of na\u00efve MSCs, turned markedly high after their cytokine-priming ( p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), reaching nonsignificant difference compared to na\u00efve T-cells. Compared to na\u00efve MSCs, na\u00efve T-cells secreted considerable amounts of IL-6 ( p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Incubation of na\u00efve MSCs with phytohemagglutinin-activated T-cells further the secretion of IL-6, to a level significantly higher than all of the aforementioned three groups; na\u00efve MSCs, na\u00efve T-cells and primed MSCs ( p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001, p\u2009=\u20090.0194, and p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001, respectively). However, coculture of the cytokine-primed MSCs with phytohemagglutinin-activated T-cells dampened IL-6\u2009secretion to a level that was significantly lower than that observed with na\u00efve MSCs-phytohemagglutinin-activated T-cells coculture ( p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The cytokine-primed UC-MSCs significantly upregulated CD25+ expression on T-cells, while hindering IL-6, without affecting their proliferation rate. This may point to potentially stronger antiviral effects, while alleviating the viral infection-induced cytokine storm.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/03946320251315007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]],"date-time":"2025-02-08T00:56:23Z","timestamp":1738976183000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["INF-\u03b3\/TGF-\u03b21-primed umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells boost the T-lymphocytes activity: Modulation of CD25 expression and IL-6 secretion"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9267-2637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulrahman H","family":"Almaeen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi 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