{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T08:42:47Z","timestamp":1777711367225,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of anti-\u03b22glycoprotein-1 antibodies (anti-\u03b22GPI) in Pakistani patients clinically suspected to have antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) and assess their association with clinical manifestations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a complex disorder characterized by recurrent thrombotic and obstetric complications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted at Aga Khan University Hospital from January to June 2022, after obtaining ethical approval (ERC ID: 2021-6404-19580). A total of 133 patients aged 18\u201360\u2009years, clinically suspected of having APS based on the updated international consensus (Sydney) classification criteria, were recruited. Anti-\u03b22GPI antibodies were tested using the same blood samples provided for aCL testing, with verbal consent. Demographic, clinical, and biochemical data were collected via a structured questionnaire, while information on lupus anticoagulant testing was retrospectively obtained from prior records.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study included 120 females (90.2%) and 13 males (9.8%) with a mean age of 31.3\u2009\u00b1\u20098.8\u2009years. Predominant clinical manifestations included unexplained miscarriages at &gt;10\u2009weeks of gestation ( n\u2009=\u200977\/120 female, 64.2%), while deep venous thrombosis (DVT) was a common non-obstetric clinical feature ( n\u2009=\u200918\/133, 13.5%). The median level of anti-\u03b22GPI was 2.12\u2009U\/ml (1.34\u20137.04) and 7.5% ( n\u2009=\u200910) were positive. Of the 10 positive patients, 2 displayed positive anti-\u03b22GPI while concurrently testing negative for other aPL antibodies. A significant association was identified between the presence of anti-\u03b22GPI and the occurrence of DVT and other venous thromboembolic events (VTE).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study highlights the prevalence and diagnostic utility of anti-\u03b22GPI in Pakistani patients suspected of APS, identifying cases missed by other aPL tests and showing significant associations with thrombotic manifestations like DVT and VTE. However, the cross-sectional design, lack of confirmatory testing, and absence of locally derived cut-offs limit causal inferences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/03946320251316724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T01:50:31Z","timestamp":1738547431000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unveiling the clinical spectrum: Exploring the role of anti-\u03b22glycoprotein-1 antibodies (anti-\u03b22GPI) in antiphospholipid syndrome suspects"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Umer Naeem","family":"Effendi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7506-7988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hafsa","family":"Majid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bushra","family":"Moiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Hematology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lena","family":"Jafri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nawazish","family":"Zehra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aysha Habib","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-03946320251316724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra002974"},{"key":"bibr2-03946320251316724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c2541"},{"key":"bibr3-03946320251316724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2006.01753.x"},{"key":"bibr4-03946320251316724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2006.09.006"},{"key":"bibr5-03946320251316724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2011.04327.x"},{"key":"bibr6-03946320251316724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lab.2004.04.011"},{"key":"bibr7-03946320251316724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(97)02736-X"},{"key":"bibr8-03946320251316724","unstructured":"OpenEpi Version 3. 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