{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T11:32:20Z","timestamp":1785929540677,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The treatment approach to RA has changed over time, but the main goal of treatment has remained the same, that is, achieving disease remission. Given the lack of RA disease activity tools and biomarkers that can reliably predict RA drug effectiveness not just on joints but also on extra-articular manifestations. The involvement of galectins, especially Galectin-1 (Gal1) in the regulation of immune regulation makes them potential good candidate non-specific biomarkers of autoimmune diseases like RA. Examining the possibility of applying Gal1 as a potential biomarker for evaluating the effectiveness of therapy. A quasi-experimental study was conducted to assess changes in serum Gal1 concentrations in patients with RA, compared with a healthy control group. The study included a total of 88 participants, consisting of 48 patients diagnosed with RA and 40 healthy voluntary blood donors. Patients were enrolled in the study based on a selective recruitment process, provided they met the criteria outlined in the Inclusion Criteria section. The diagnosis of RA was established by physicians in accordance with the ACR\/EULAR2010 classification criteria. The collected samples were subjected to concentration determination using a commercial ELISA kit for human Gal1. The serum Gal1 concentration of the examined groups differed significantly (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). There was a significant difference in serum concentration of Gal1 between first and second measurement (pre- and post-intervention) (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.015). The obtained values of post-intervention Gal1 did not show a positive correlation with the values of DAS28-ESR, HAQ-DI, and CDAI. The conducted study showed a pronounced statistical significance in the values of Gal1 concentrations in RA patients (in both time points) compared to the group of healthy subjects, suggesting that lower levels of this marker may be associated with the degree of inflammation characteristic of RA. No significant correlation was observed between Gal1 levels and clinical disease activity indices, limiting conclusions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/03946320251358305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]],"date-time":"2025-07-19T06:00:36Z","timestamp":1752904836000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Galectin-1 as a potential biomarker of rheumatoid arthritis drug effectiveness"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4398-1449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikola","family":"Krsti\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ni\u0161, Ni\u0161, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0600-5411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatjana","family":"Jevtovi\u0107 Stoimenov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ni\u0161, Ni\u0161, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6400-1411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonja","family":"Stojanovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Patient Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ni\u0161, Ni\u0161, Serbia"},{"name":"Institute for Treatment and Rehabilitation \u201cNi\u0161ka Banja\u201d, Ni\u0161ka Banja, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4521-1253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Branka","family":"\u0110or\u0111evi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ni\u0161, Ni\u0161, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0079-8457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivana","family":"Damnjanovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ni\u0161, Ni\u0161, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/039463200401700202"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1755738019884346"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605231204477"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31472-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74185-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-223356"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2018-000721"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1759720X17720366"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","article-title":"Scores for all seasons: SDAI and CDAI","volume":"32","author":"Smolen JS","year":"2014","unstructured":"Smolen JS, Aletaha D (2014) Scores for all seasons: SDAI and CDAI. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 32: S75\u2013S79.","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","article-title":"The Disease Activity Score (DAS) and the Disease Activity Score using 28 joint counts (DAS28) in the management of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"34","author":"van Riel PLCM","year":"2016","unstructured":"van Riel PLCM, Renskers L (2016) The Disease Activity Score (DAS) and the Disease Activity Score using 28 joint counts (DAS28) in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 34: S40\u2013S44.","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42347"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","article-title":"Biomarkers in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"13","author":"Shapiro SC","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shapiro SC (2021) Biomarkers in rheumatoid arthritis. 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