{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T10:49:19Z","timestamp":1785840559289,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Committee of Science of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["BR24992814"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BR24992814"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Inborn Errors of Immunity (IEIs) are rare disorders in which delayed diagnosis leads to significant morbidity and mortality. Early recognition depends largely on primary care and non-immunology healthcare professionals; however, data on IEI awareness in Central Asia are limited. This study assessed the awareness of IEI among healthcare professionals in Kazakhstan and identified the association with higher diagnostic preparedness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A nationwide cross-sectional study was conducted from January to March 2025 using an online questionnaire distributed across multiple regions of Kazakhstan. Physicians and nurses affiliated with the immunology department were excluded. The survey was adapted from the Jeffrey Modell Foundation framework and demonstrated high internal consistency (KR-20 = 0.94). Descriptive analyses and multivariable logistic regression were performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 239 healthcare professionals participated (88.7% female; mean age, 38.3 \u00b1 10.2 years). While 72.4% reported undergraduate exposure to immunology, only 30.5% received postgraduate or workplace-based training related to IEI. Overall, 40.6% of the respondents were familiar with the \u201c10 warning signs\u201d of IEI. Prior workplace-based training was independently associated with higher awareness (adjusted OR 12.6, 95% CI 6.43-24.65).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Awareness of IEI among non-immunology professionals in Kazakhstan remains limited. Targeted workplace-based education and continuing medical education (CME) programs may improve early recognition and referral rates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/03946320261471029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T15:00:51Z","timestamp":1785596451000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diagnostic preparedness for Inborn Errors of Immunity among primary care and non-immunology healthcare professionals in Kazakhstan: A cross-sectional questionnaire based study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0398-7678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gulzada","family":"Abdushukurova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ainash","family":"Oshibayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kumissay","family":"Babayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Banu","family":"Kadyrbayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhulduz","family":"Mirzabekova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2228-1260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alken","family":"Auyelova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cSan-Med Sevice\u201d Allergy Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.04.049"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.625753"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-016-8784-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.70962\/jhi.20250003"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2024.45.240060"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2020.108359"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14155353"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bolatov A Amanzholov AD Mukazhanova AE et al. Validation of healthcare workers\u2019 motivation scale in Kazakhstan Nauka i Zdravookhranenie. 2024. Vol.26 (3) pp. 108\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34689\/SH.2024.26.3.012","DOI":"10.34689\/SH.2024.26.3.012"},{"issue":"152","key":"e_1_3_8_10_2","article-title":"Misuses of KR-20 and Cronbach\u2019s Alpha Reliability Coefficients","volume":"34","author":"Tan \u015e","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tan \u015e. Misuses of KR-20 and Cronbach\u2019s Alpha Reliability Coefficients. Education and Science 2009; 34(152). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15390\/ES.2009.810","journal-title":"Education and Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_11_2","unstructured":"Jeffrey Modell Foundation. 10 Warning Signs of Primary Immunodeficiency. https:\/\/info4pi.org\/library\/educational-materials\/ Accessed 7 Mar 2017."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/erp.09.37"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aller.2014.09.002"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_8_14_2","first-page":"44","article-title":"Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders: Awareness Survey of Physicians in Iran","volume":"2","author":"Asgardoon MH","year":"2019","unstructured":"Asgardoon MH, Rezwanifar MM, Ataeinia B, et al. Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders: Awareness Survey of Physicians in Iran. Immunol. Genet. J 2019; 2(2): 44\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22034\/IGJ.2019.190165.1015","journal-title":"Immunol. Genet. 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