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Increasing evidence indicates that the microbiome\u2014within the airways and through the gut\u2013lung axis\u2014plays a critical role in shaping pulmonary immune responses. Microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), tryptophan-derived indoles, and bile acid intermediates, influence the maturation and functional programming of alveolar macrophages, dendritic cells, and T lymphocytes. Using the emerging framework of microbiota dysbiosis\u2013related disorders, this review distinguishes descriptive microbial alterations from functionally and clinically relevant dysbiosis involving microbial metabolites, barrier integrity, immune regulation, and respiratory outcomes. Nutritional and microbiome-targeted interventions\u2014such as dietary fiber, probiotics, and antioxidant micronutrients including vitamin C\u2014may help restore immune homeostasis and reduce inflammatory burden through microbiota-mediated and redox-regulatory pathways. By supporting epithelial barrier integrity, modulating oxidative stress, and promoting regulatory immune signaling, vitamin C may complement microbiome-directed strategies aimed at maintaining respiratory immune resilience. 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