{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T03:57:55Z","timestamp":1777521475137,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,5,1]],"date-time":"2001-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":988675200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Can J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To review lithium's utility in the treatment of mood disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We reviewed the safety, tolerability, teratogenicity, optimal dosing regimens, and mortality-lowering effects of lithium. Clinical relevance and scientific rigour determined which articles we selected for review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lithium is the paradigmatic treatment for bipolar disorder (BD). In treating BD, optimal maintenance plasma levels may be approximately 0.75 to 0.85 mEq\/L. Although nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is not uncommon, irreversible renal failure due to lithium appears to be a rare, idiosyncratic event. Lithium-induced cardiovascular teratology appears to be less common than previously thought. Optimal lithium dosing may be once daily, this agent appears to bestow a robust suicide-lowering effect, and emerging data hint at neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lithium remains an effective and integral agent in the treatment of BD. Its ability to lower suicide rates in persons with BD warrants clinical attention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370104600402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,11]],"date-time":"2017-01-11T16:38:04Z","timestamp":1484152684000},"page":"322-327","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Lithium Revisited"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Roger S","family":"McIntyre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Staff Psychiatrist, Bipolar Clinic, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deborah A","family":"Mancini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Assistant, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sagar","family":"Parikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Head, Bipolar Clinic, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; Associate Professor of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sidney H","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Head, Mood and Anxiety Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-070674370104600402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.171.2.113"},{"key":"bibr2-070674370104600402","volume-title":"Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry","author":"Kaplan HI","year":"1995","edition":"6"},{"key":"bibr3-070674370104600402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1949.tb36912.x"},{"key":"bibr4-070674370104600402","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baastrup PC, Poulsen JC, Schou M, Thomsen K, Amdisen A. Prophylactic lithium: Double blind discontinuation in manic-depressive and recurrent-depressive disorders. The Lancet 1970;326\u201330.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(70)92870-9"},{"key":"bibr5-070674370104600402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1967.01730200030005"},{"key":"bibr6-070674370104600402","first-page":"79S","volume":"42","author":"Kusumaker V","year":"1976","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr7-070674370104600402","volume-title":"Treatments of psychotic disorders","author":"Gabbard GO","year":"1995","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr8-070674370104600402","first-page":"93","volume":"31","author":"Campbell M","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol Bull"},{"key":"bibr9-070674370104600402","first-page":"11S","volume":"58","author":"McDougle CJ","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr10-070674370104600402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/10.1.30"},{"key":"bibr11-070674370104600402","first-page":"273","volume":"287","author":"Lejoyeux M","year":"1993","journal-title":"Alcohol and Alcoholism"},{"key":"bibr12-070674370104600402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1979.01780080030009"},{"key":"bibr13-070674370104600402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v61n0104"},{"key":"bibr14-070674370104600402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199812000-00007"},{"key":"bibr15-070674370104600402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1991.01810250064008"},{"key":"bibr16-070674370104600402","first-page":"305","volume":"54","author":"Keck PE","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr17-070674370104600402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1977.102"},{"key":"bibr18-070674370104600402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v57n1001"},{"key":"bibr19-070674370104600402","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blackwell B, Shepherd M. Prophylactic lithium: Another therapeutic myth? The Lancet, 1968;968\u201371.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(68)90917-3"},{"key":"bibr20-070674370104600402","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moncrieff J. Lithium revisited: A re-examination of the placebo-controlled trials of lithium prophylaxis in manic-depressive disorder. Br J Psychiatry 1995:569\u201374.","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.167.5.569"},{"key":"bibr21-070674370104600402","first-page":"237","volume-title":"Lithium: Its role in psychotropic research and treatment","author":"Goodwin FK","year":"1972"},{"key":"bibr22-070674370104600402","volume-title":"Manic-depressive illness","author":"Goodwin FK","year":"1990"},{"key":"bibr23-070674370104600402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03510360044034"},{"key":"bibr24-070674370104600402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(80)90029-4"},{"key":"bibr25-070674370104600402","first-page":"142","volume":"57","author":"McElroy SL","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr26-070674370104600402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1972.01750200050011"},{"key":"bibr27-070674370104600402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1986.01800040052008"},{"key":"bibr28-070674370104600402","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noack CH, Trautner EM. The lithium treatment of maniacal psychosis. Med J Aust 1951;219\u201322.","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1951.tb68249.x"},{"key":"bibr29-070674370104600402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1990.01810190065009"},{"key":"bibr30-070674370104600402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199304000-00005"},{"key":"bibr31-070674370104600402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.164.2.208"},{"key":"bibr32-070674370104600402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(98)00020-7"},{"key":"bibr33-070674370104600402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.164.6.741"},{"key":"bibr34-070674370104600402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198911303212201"},{"key":"bibr35-070674370104600402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.138.3.252"},{"key":"bibr36-070674370104600402","first-page":"32S","volume":"59","author":"Rouillon F","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr37-070674370104600402","first-page":"413","volume":"50","author":"Thase ME","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr38-070674370104600402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(98)00019-0"},{"key":"bibr39-070674370104600402","first-page":"1250","volume":"9","author":"Bendz H","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"bibr40-070674370104600402","first-page":"93S","volume":"42","author":"Walker R.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"bibr41-070674370104600402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1980.tb09726.x"},{"key":"bibr42-070674370104600402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03510260078033"},{"key":"bibr43-070674370104600402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1991.01810360046007"},{"key":"bibr44-070674370104600402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-440X(79)80003-6"},{"key":"bibr45-070674370104600402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v57n1001"},{"key":"bibr46-070674370104600402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1981.tb00679.x"},{"key":"bibr47-070674370104600402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.6201.1332"},{"key":"bibr48-070674370104600402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(87)90029-X"},{"key":"bibr49-070674370104600402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1981.tb00785.x"},{"key":"bibr50-070674370104600402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1995.tb09553.x"},{"key":"bibr51-070674370104600402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-198711000-00005"},{"key":"bibr52-070674370104600402","first-page":"289","volume-title":"Origin, prevention and treatment of affective disorders","author":"Weeke A.","year":"1979"},{"key":"bibr53-070674370104600402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.7.580"},{"key":"bibr54-070674370104600402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1992.tb03255.x"},{"key":"bibr55-070674370104600402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-979553"},{"key":"bibr56-070674370104600402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(91)90030-V"},{"key":"bibr57-070674370104600402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(94)00074-J"},{"key":"bibr58-070674370104600402","first-page":"1409","volume":"33","author":"Sheard MH","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr59-070674370104600402","first-page":"82","volume":"61","author":"Husseini KM","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/070674370104600402","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/070674370104600402","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T16:14:31Z","timestamp":1777392871000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/070674370104600402"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,5]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/070674370104600402"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/070674370104600402","relation":{},"ISSN":["0706-7437","1497-0015"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0706-7437","type":"print"},{"value":"1497-0015","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,5]]}}}