{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T14:12:20Z","timestamp":1787926340449,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":169,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,10,1]],"date-time":"2001-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1001894400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Can J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite its well-established efficacy and its increasing use, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) remains a controversial treatment. Lack of clarity in the issues related to its use in special patient populations (for example, in children, in adolescents, in pregnant women, in the elderly, and in the medically ill) often contributes to the debate about the use of ECT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The literature on ECT use in special patient populations is reviewed, together with the commonly associated high-risk medical conditions in clinical practice. Specific reference is made in each case to the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of the procedure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Much of the literature surveyed consists of case studies, although a few controlled trials are available. In general, ECT use in special populations is relatively safe and extremely effective. In small case series, ECT use in children and adolescents is effective but requires further systematic study. In pregnant women, ECT is very effective, and with proper medical care, it is relatively safe in all trimesters of pregnancy, as well as in the postpartum period. The frail elderly are particularly good candidates for ECT because they are often unresponsive to or intolerant of psychotropic medication. Medical conditions that should receive particular attention during a course of ECT are disorders of the central nervous system (CNS), cardiovascular, and respiratory system. With modern anesthesia techniques and careful medical management of each high-risk patient, most can successfully complete a course of ECT. The process of obtaining informed consent also requires special consideration in this group of patients because their capacity to consent to treatment may be compromised.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>With careful attention to each patient's medical and anesthesia needs, ECT is an effective and relatively safe procedure in high-risk special patient populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370104600803","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,20]],"date-time":"2017-07-20T01:42:31Z","timestamp":1500514951000},"page":"710-719","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["The Use of Electroconvulsive Therapy in Special Patient Populations"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Kiran","family":"Rabheru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor (part-time), Department of Psychiatry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199303253281213"},{"key":"bibr2-070674370104600803","first-page":"269","volume":"30","author":"Fink M.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol Bull"},{"key":"bibr3-070674370104600803","unstructured":"Cloud J. New sparks over electroshock. Time Magazine 2001 Feb:46\u20138."},{"key":"bibr4-070674370104600803","unstructured":"Smith, Daniel. Shock and disbelief. Atlantic Monthly 2001 Feb:79\u201390."},{"key":"bibr5-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1097\/00124509-199809000-00001","volume":"14","author":"Lerer B","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Journal of ECT"},{"key":"bibr6-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00124509-199903000-00002","volume":"15","author":"Lerer B","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Journal of ECT"},{"key":"bibr7-070674370104600803","volume-title":"A task force report on the practice of electroconvulsive therapy: Recommendations for treatment, training, and privileging","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2001","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr8-070674370104600803","first-page":"1389","volume-title":"Textbook of Pediatric Neuropsychiatry","author":"Fink M","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr9-070674370104600803","first-page":"269","volume-title":"The Handbook of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":"6","author":"Kellner CH","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr10-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.5.595"},{"key":"bibr11-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00450"},{"key":"bibr12-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200008000-00004"},{"key":"bibr13-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199811000-00029"},{"key":"bibr14-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199003000-00022"},{"key":"bibr15-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199706000-00018"},{"key":"bibr16-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199905000-00022"},{"key":"bibr17-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199503000-00019"},{"key":"bibr18-070674370104600803","first-page":"165","volume":"72","author":"Bender L.","year":"1947","journal-title":"Trans Am Neurol Assoc"},{"key":"bibr19-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00128072-199901030-00002"},{"key":"bibr20-070674370104600803","unstructured":"Hughes CW, Emslie GJ, Crismon ML, Wagner KD, Birmaher B, Geller B, and others. The Texas childhood medication algorithm project: Report of the Texas consensus conference panel on medication treatment of childhood major depressive disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. Forthcoming."},{"key":"bibr21-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200104000-00001"},{"key":"bibr22-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.144.5.557"},{"key":"bibr23-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-198810000-00002"},{"key":"bibr24-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(90)90098-P"},{"key":"bibr25-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1996.01830040039008"},{"key":"bibr26-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2710.1993.tb00583.x"},{"key":"bibr27-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/0048-5713-19940501-08"},{"key":"bibr28-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70288-4"},{"key":"bibr29-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.142.3.297"},{"key":"bibr30-070674370104600803","first-page":"275","volume-title":"The limits of biological treatments for psychological distress: Comparisons with psychotherapy and placebo","author":"Sackheim HA","year":"1989"},{"key":"bibr31-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02245860"},{"key":"bibr32-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0690(18)30485-3"},{"key":"bibr33-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.12.1865","volume":"156","author":"Tew JD","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr34-070674370104600803","first-page":"112","volume":"9","author":"Black DW","year":"1993","journal-title":"Convuls Ther"},{"key":"bibr35-070674370104600803","first-page":"1","volume":"275","author":"Heshe J","year":"1978","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl"},{"key":"bibr36-070674370104600803","first-page":"7","volume":"2","author":"Pettinati HM","year":"1986","journal-title":"Convuls Ther"},{"key":"bibr37-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(84)90065-9"},{"key":"bibr38-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.6.963"},{"key":"bibr39-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(18)30271-5"},{"key":"bibr40-070674370104600803","first-page":"156","volume":"12","author":"Lisanby SH","year":"1996","journal-title":"Convuls Ther"},{"key":"bibr41-070674370104600803","first-page":"321","volume":"30","author":"Fochtmann LJ","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol Bull"},{"key":"bibr42-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.10.1543"},{"key":"bibr43-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(93)90089-V"},{"key":"bibr44-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1984.tb02253.x"},{"key":"bibr45-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00019442-199721520-00005"},{"key":"bibr46-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.7.995"},{"key":"bibr47-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.163.1.82"},{"key":"bibr48-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.930090911"},{"key":"bibr49-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(18)30884-0"},{"key":"bibr50-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0690(18)30482-8"},{"key":"bibr51-070674370104600803","first-page":"30","volume":"1","author":"Kroessler D","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr52-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.148.7.929"},{"key":"bibr53-070674370104600803","first-page":"1316","volume":"148","author":"Stoudemire A","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr54-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1986.tb51265.x"},{"key":"bibr55-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610289000025"},{"key":"bibr56-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/089198879400700405"},{"key":"bibr57-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-2415-7_4"},{"key":"bibr58-070674370104600803","first-page":"275","volume":"9","author":"Miller LJ","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Med"},{"key":"bibr59-070674370104600803","volume-title":"Psychological aspects of women's health care: The interface between psychiatry and obstetrics and gynecology","author":"Miller LJ","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr60-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.4.1"},{"key":"bibr61-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.12.1"},{"key":"bibr62-070674370104600803","first-page":"444","volume":"45","author":"Miller LJ","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hosp Comm Psychiatry May"},{"key":"bibr63-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.153.5.592"},{"key":"bibr64-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-8343(94)90022-1"},{"key":"bibr65-070674370104600803","first-page":"49","volume":"18","author":"Miller LJ","year":"1998","journal-title":"Directions in Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr66-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.42.1.149","volume":"42","author":"Delgado-Escueta AV","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"bibr67-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199610033351402"},{"key":"bibr68-070674370104600803","first-page":"18","volume":"59","author":"Cohen LS","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr69-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199834060-00004"},{"key":"bibr70-070674370104600803","volume-title":"Anesthesia for Obstetrics","author":"Shnider SM","year":"1993","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr71-070674370104600803","first-page":"186","volume":"8","author":"Ferrill MJ","year":"1992","journal-title":"Convuls Ther"},{"key":"bibr72-070674370104600803","first-page":"85","volume":"6","author":"The American Psychiatric Association","year":"1990","journal-title":"Convuls Ther"},{"key":"bibr73-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.me.32.020181.002201"},{"key":"bibr74-070674370104600803","volume-title":"The convulsive therapies: Biological treatment in psychiatry","author":"Kalinowsky LB","year":"1982"},{"key":"bibr75-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1985.03360150079028"},{"key":"bibr76-070674370104600803","first-page":"251","volume":"4","author":"Moreno ME","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Journal of ECT"},{"key":"bibr77-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00124509-199912000-00006"},{"key":"bibr78-070674370104600803","volume-title":"Prenatal anesthesia and critical care","author":"Diaz JH","year":"1991"},{"key":"bibr79-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-198304000-00009"},{"key":"bibr80-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1990.tb14385.x"},{"key":"bibr81-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-197401000-00025"},{"key":"bibr82-070674370104600803","first-page":"1","volume":"22","author":"Moya F","year":"1961","journal-title":"J Am Soc Anaesthes"},{"key":"bibr83-070674370104600803","first-page":"233","volume":"62","author":"Weis OF","year":"1983","journal-title":"Anesthesia and Analgesic"},{"key":"bibr84-070674370104600803","first-page":"224","volume":"57","author":"Abboud TK","year":"1981","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"bibr85-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-8343(94)90022-1"},{"key":"bibr86-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1993.tb07130.x"},{"key":"bibr87-070674370104600803","first-page":"557","volume":"144","author":"Thompson D","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr88-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-194511000-00008"},{"key":"bibr89-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-195702000-00011"},{"key":"bibr90-070674370104600803","first-page":"118","volume":"113","author":"Rond PC","year":"1956","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr91-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/0048-5713-19980101-07"},{"key":"bibr92-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.151.1.69"},{"key":"bibr93-070674370104600803","volume-title":"The handbook of ECT","author":"Kellner CH","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr94-070674370104600803","first-page":"168","volume":"5","author":"Malek-Ahmadi P","year":"1989","journal-title":"Convuls Ther"},{"key":"bibr95-070674370104600803","first-page":"38","volume":"6","author":"Malek-Ahmadi P","year":"1990","journal-title":"Convuls Ther"},{"key":"bibr96-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(88)90088-1"},{"key":"bibr97-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.5.4.428"},{"key":"bibr98-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00124509-200006000-00011"},{"key":"bibr99-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J018v10n02_06"},{"key":"bibr100-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-199205000-00005"},{"key":"bibr101-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199010000-00011"},{"key":"bibr102-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-198007000-00002"},{"key":"bibr103-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00124509-199812000-00016"},{"key":"bibr104-070674370104600803","first-page":"139","volume":"11","author":"Bader GM","year":"1995","journal-title":"Convuls Ther"},{"key":"bibr105-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00124509-200006000-00012"},{"key":"bibr106-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00124509-199806000-00012"},{"key":"bibr107-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.64.6.802"},{"key":"bibr108-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-198609000-00010"},{"key":"bibr109-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00124509-200003000-00010"},{"key":"bibr110-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.18.5.837"},{"key":"bibr111-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.40.10.1018"},{"key":"bibr112-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410120509"},{"key":"bibr113-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1990.00530070083014"},{"key":"bibr114-070674370104600803","first-page":"650","volume-title":"Textbook of geriatric neuropsychiatry","author":"Pritchett JT","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr115-070674370104600803","first-page":"165","volume":"12","author":"Farah A","year":"1996","journal-title":"Convuls Ther"},{"key":"bibr116-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.11.1849"},{"key":"bibr117-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00124509-200012000-00012"},{"key":"bibr118-070674370104600803","first-page":"58","volume":"47","author":"Murray GB","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr119-070674370104600803","first-page":"121","volume":"3","author":"Hsiao JK","year":"1987","journal-title":"Convuls Ther"},{"key":"bibr120-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1177\/002383099200500304","volume":"5","author":"Martin M","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol"},{"key":"bibr121-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.4.2.140"},{"key":"bibr122-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(87)90190-9"},{"key":"bibr123-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/0048-5713-19961101-11"},{"key":"bibr124-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.3.4.405"},{"key":"bibr125-070674370104600803","first-page":"1301","volume":"18","author":"Sackeim HA","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr126-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-194307000-00006"},{"key":"bibr127-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.9.2.283"},{"key":"bibr128-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.33.7.921"},{"key":"bibr129-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.138.9.1237"},{"key":"bibr130-070674370104600803","first-page":"276","volume":"47","author":"Cantor C.","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr131-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.144.11.1449"},{"key":"bibr132-070674370104600803","first-page":"905","volume":"14","author":"Summers WK","year":"1979","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr133-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/089198879100400102"},{"key":"bibr134-070674370104600803","first-page":"103","volume":"8","author":"Zwil AS","year":"1992","journal-title":"Convuls Ther"},{"key":"bibr135-070674370104600803","first-page":"157","volume":"7","author":"Nelson JP","year":"1991","journal-title":"Convuls Ther"},{"key":"bibr136-070674370104600803","first-page":"61","volume":"5","author":"Price TRP","year":"1989","journal-title":"Convuls Ther"},{"key":"bibr137-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(18)30276-4"},{"key":"bibr138-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1987.tb03566.x"},{"key":"bibr139-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01249604"},{"key":"bibr140-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1987.tb03566.x"},{"key":"bibr141-070674370104600803","first-page":"114","volume":"13","author":"Nymeyer L","year":"1997","journal-title":"Convuls Ther"},{"key":"bibr142-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.149.12.1758b"},{"key":"bibr143-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.3.4.405"},{"key":"bibr144-070674370104600803","first-page":"495","volume":"30","author":"Kellner CH","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol Bull"},{"key":"bibr145-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003591575304600103"},{"key":"bibr146-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00124509-200006000-00007"},{"key":"bibr147-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1961.tb01755.x","volume":"36","author":"Perrin GM","year":"1961","journal-title":"Acta Psytchiatrica et Neurologica Scandanavica"},{"key":"bibr148-070674370104600803","first-page":"140","volume":"43","author":"Gerring JP","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr149-070674370104600803","first-page":"522","volume":"15","author":"Olfson M","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr150-070674370104600803","volume-title":"Electroconvulsive therapy","author":"Abrams R.","year":"1992","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr151-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1981.tb08818.x"},{"key":"bibr152-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1980.tb05005.x"},{"key":"bibr153-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.35.6.1073"},{"key":"bibr154-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1990.tb01465.x"},{"key":"bibr155-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.6.904"},{"key":"bibr156-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.11.1637"},{"key":"bibr157-070674370104600803","first-page":"85","volume":"7","author":"Seiner SJ","year":"1999","journal-title":"Treating depression in patients with cardiovascular disease: Harv Rev Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr158-070674370104600803","first-page":"128","volume":"13","author":"Applegate RJ","year":"1997","journal-title":"Convuls Ther"},{"key":"bibr159-070674370104600803","first-page":"1278","volume":"93","author":"Eagle KA","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"bibr160-070674370104600803","first-page":"258","volume":"1","author":"Loo H","year":"1985","journal-title":"Convuls Ther"},{"key":"bibr161-070674370104600803","volume-title":"Psychiatric Care of the Medical Patient","author":"Weiner RD","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr162-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1982.00340180137024"},{"key":"bibr163-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/A3JY-NB3Y-FG9A-LP54"},{"key":"bibr164-070674370104600803","volume-title":"Electroconvulsive therapy (task force report # 14)","author":"American Psychiatric Association Task Force on ECT","year":"1978"},{"key":"bibr165-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198812223192504"},{"key":"bibr166-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1990.tb01433.x"},{"key":"bibr167-070674370104600803","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-8343(92)90085-O"},{"key":"bibr168-070674370104600803","first-page":"825","volume":"37","author":"Miller ME","year":"1986","journal-title":"Hosp Comm Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr169-070674370104600803","first-page":"155","volume":"17","author":"Johnson SY","year":"1993","journal-title":"Law and Psychology Review"}],"container-title":["The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/070674370104600803","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/070674370104600803","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T16:12:27Z","timestamp":1777392747000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/070674370104600803"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,10]]},"references-count":169,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/070674370104600803"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/070674370104600803","relation":{},"ISSN":["0706-7437","1497-0015"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0706-7437","type":"print"},{"value":"1497-0015","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,10]]}}}