{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T17:28:31Z","timestamp":1791048511615,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,1]],"date-time":"2004-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1080777600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Can J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To directly compare 2 forms of assessment for determining gambling problems in a community survey, and to examine the characteristics of respondents who endorsed DSM-IV symptoms but who scored below the formal DSM-IV diagnostic cut-off for pathological gambling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We interviewed 1489 Winnipeg adults by phone (response rate 70.5%) using the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS), a DSM-IV\u2013based instrument, and several gambling-related variables.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The lifetime prevalence of \u201cprobable pathological gambling\u201d (according to the SOGS, having a score of \u2265 5) was 2.6%. The SOGS items and DSM-IV symptoms were highly correlated ( r = 0.80), but a score of 5 or more symptoms for a DSM-IV diagnosis produced lower prevalence figures. Comparisons between recreational gamblers (those with no DSM-IV symptoms), subthreshold pathological gamblers (those with 1 to 4 DSM-IV symptoms), and pathological gamblers (those with \u2265 5 DSM-IV symptoms) on a series of gambling-related variables (for example, high use of video lottery terminals) revealed that subthreshold individuals significantly differed from recreational gamblers and more closely approximated the characteristics displayed by pathological gamblers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SOGS items show a high degree of association with the DSM-IV clinical symptoms of pathological gambling, but the DSM-IV cut-off of 5 symptoms is more conservative in defining gambling problems. Results support a continuum view of gambling problems in the community. DSM-IV scores of 3 or 4 represent the higher end of the group officially considered diagnostically \u201csubthreshold\u201d and may be important from both a clinical and public health perspective.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370404900406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,17]],"date-time":"2017-07-17T14:44:18Z","timestamp":1500302658000},"page":"258-264","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Comparisons between the South Oaks Gambling Screen and a DSM-IV\u2014Based Interview in a Community Survey of Problem Gambling"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Brian J","family":"Cox","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Canada Research Chair in Mood and Anxiety Disorders, Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murray W","family":"Enns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerie","family":"Michaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Director, Winnipeg Area Study, Department of Sociology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-070674370404900406","volume-title":"Final report","author":"National Gambling Impact Study Commission","year":"1999"},{"key":"bibr2-070674370404900406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.84.2.237"},{"key":"bibr3-070674370404900406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01539170"},{"key":"bibr4-070674370404900406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674379904400807"},{"key":"bibr5-070674370404900406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.89.9.1369"},{"key":"bibr6-070674370404900406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.144.9.1184"},{"key":"bibr7-070674370404900406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674379904400509"},{"key":"bibr8-070674370404900406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.145.4.502"},{"key":"bibr9-070674370404900406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01015919"},{"key":"bibr10-070674370404900406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01539176"},{"key":"bibr11-070674370404900406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01022135"},{"key":"bibr12-070674370404900406","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1980","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr13-070674370404900406","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr14-070674370404900406","first-page":"33","volume":"30","author":"Volberg RA","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annuario de Psicologia"},{"key":"bibr15-070674370404900406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4603(00)00158-1"},{"key":"bibr16-070674370404900406","volume-title":"Inter-provincial task force on problem gambling","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr17-070674370404900406","volume-title":"The Canadian problem gambling index final report. 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