{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T03:59:14Z","timestamp":1777521554484,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,1]],"date-time":"2005-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1125532800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Can J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to examine whether variations among regions in Quebec existed after we controlled for individual characteristics in the prevalence of 1) alcohol, cannabis, and gambling behaviours and 2) substance-related disorders and pathological gambling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using data derived from the Canadian Community Health Survey: Mental Health and Well-Being (CCHS 1.2), we nested 5332 respondents from the province of Quebec within 374 regions equivalent to census subdivisions (CSDs). Outcome variables included 1) drinking status (past 12 months), alcohol consumption (last week), and 12-month diagnosis of alcohol dependence; 2) cannabis use (past 12 months and lifetime) and diagnosis of illicit drug dependence; and 3) gambling status, severity of gambling problems, and number of reported gambling activities (past 12 months). Multilevel regression models with individuals (Level 1) nested in regions (CSDs, Level 2) assessed the variations among regions in the prevalence of various outcomes and disorders when individual characteristics were controlled for.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Variance component models revealed that all alcohol-related variables, the prevalence of cannabis use (12 months), and problem gambling did not vary among areas. Gambling rates and the average number of reported gambling activities varied among areas, even when individual-level variables were accounted for in the models, whereas for lifetime cannabis use, variations among areas became nonsignificant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intervention programs may need to address the environment as a relevant determinant of health-related behaviours and lifestyles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370505001004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,10]],"date-time":"2017-01-10T18:41:25Z","timestamp":1484073685000},"page":"591-598","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Area Variations in the Prevalence of Substance Use and Gambling Behaviours and Problems in Quebec: A Multilevel Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Sylvia","family":"Kairouz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Scientist, Centre de recherche Fernand-Seguin, H\u00f4pital Louis-H Lafontaine, Montreal, Quebec; Research Scientist, Department of Psychiatry, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, Quebec"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Nadeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Psychology, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, Quebec"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G\u00e9raldine Lo","family":"Siou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Associate, Centre de recherche Fernand-Seguin, H\u00f4pital Louis-H Lafontaine, Montreal, Quebec"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-070674370505001004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195083316.003.0004","volume-title":"Social epidemiology","author":"Kawachi I.","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr2-070674370505001004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.pubmed.a042936"},{"key":"bibr3-070674370505001004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203393000_chapter_Two"},{"key":"bibr4-070674370505001004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(93)90366-C"},{"key":"bibr5-070674370505001004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-8292(00)00008-3"},{"key":"bibr6-070674370505001004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(01)00214-3"},{"key":"bibr7-070674370505001004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(99)00043-X"},{"key":"bibr8-070674370505001004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.00123"},{"key":"bibr9-070674370505001004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.21.1.171"},{"key":"bibr10-070674370505001004","first-page":"213","volume":"22","author":"Macintyre S","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Soc Psychol"},{"key":"bibr11-070674370505001004","first-page":"131","volume":"8","author":"Balarajan R","year":"1986","journal-title":"Community Medicine"},{"key":"bibr12-070674370505001004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(97)10017-X"},{"key":"bibr13-070674370505001004","unstructured":"B\u00e9land Y, Dufour J, Gravel R. Sample design of the Canadian Mental Health Survey. 2001 proceedings of the survey methods. Vancouver (BC): Statistical Society of Canada; 2001. p 93\u20138."},{"key":"bibr14-070674370505001004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291702006074"},{"key":"bibr15-070674370505001004","unstructured":"Ferris J, Wynne H. The Canadian Problem Gambling Index: Final report. Available: www.ccsa.ca\/pdf\/ccsa-008805-2001.pdf. Accessed 2005 Jan 15."},{"key":"bibr16-070674370505001004","volume-title":"Multilevel statistical models","author":"Goldstein H.","year":"1995","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr17-070674370505001004","volume-title":"A user's guide to MLwiN","author":"Rasbash J","year":"2000","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr18-070674370505001004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/73.1.43"},{"key":"bibr19-070674370505001004","volume-title":"Multilevel analysis. An introduction to basic and advanced multilevel modeling","author":"Snijders T","year":"1999"},{"key":"bibr20-070674370505001004","volume-title":"Survey sampling","author":"Kish L.","year":"1965"},{"key":"bibr21-070674370505001004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011098109834"}],"container-title":["The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/070674370505001004","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/070674370505001004","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T16:14:48Z","timestamp":1777392888000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/070674370505001004"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,9]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/070674370505001004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/070674370505001004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0706-7437","1497-0015"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0706-7437","type":"print"},{"value":"1497-0015","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,9]]}}}