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This review synthesizes current theories about possible etiologies of criminal sexual sadism and the resulting implications for diagnosis and treatment of this sexual disorder. Included is a review of theories of criminally sadistic sexual motivations, response patterns, and physiology, including possible neurophysiologic factors and more complex interactions. This review focuses primarily on published English-language scientific studies of sexual sadism. It should be noted that my use of the term sadism refers to nonconsensual sexual aggression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370805301003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,13]],"date-time":"2017-01-13T04:19:01Z","timestamp":1484281141000},"page":"637-646","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Sadism, Sadomasochism, Sex, and Violence"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"J Paul","family":"Fedoroff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Director, Forensic Research Unit, Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario; Director, Sexual Behaviours Clinic, Integrated Forensic Program, Royal Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-070674370805301003","first-page":"23","volume-title":"Nervous and mental disease monograph series no 7","author":"Freud S.","year":"1920"},{"key":"bibr2-070674370805301003","volume-title":"Sadism and masochism: The psychology of hatred and cruelty","volume":"1","author":"Stekel W.","year":"1929"},{"key":"bibr3-070674370805301003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.yco.0000238483.34894.68"},{"key":"bibr4-070674370805301003","unstructured":"Sauve J. 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