{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T03:42:55Z","timestamp":1777520575509,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":166,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,1]],"date-time":"2009-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1241136000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Can J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To provide a review of the evidence-based treatments for Obsessive-Compulsive spectrum disorders (OCSD), a group of conditions related to Obsessive-Compulsive disorder (OCD) by phenomenological and etiological similarities, the morbidity of which is increasingly recognized.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Literature relating to the following disorders: body dysmorphic disorder, hypochondriasis, trichotillomania, onychophagia, psychogenic excoriation, compulsive buying, kleptomania, and pathological gambling, and published between January 1965 and October 2007, was found using PubMed. Included in this review were 107 treatment reports.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) have shown benefits as first-line, short-term treatments for body dysmorphic disorder, hypochondriasis, onychophagia, and psychogenic excoriation, with some benefits in trichotillomania, pathological gambling, and compulsive buying. There are also suggested benefits for several atypical antipsychotics in disorders with a high degree of impulsivity, including trichotillomania and pathological gambling, and to a lesser extent, kleptomania and psychogenic excoriation. Cognitive-behavioural interventions have generally shown evidence for use as first-line treatment across the spectrum, with some variability in degree of benefit.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As in OCD, several conditions in the proposed OCSD benefit from SRIs and (or) cognitive-behavioural interventions. However, the treatment literature is generally limited, and more randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are needed to evaluate individual and combination treatments, for short-term use and as maintenance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370905400507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,14]],"date-time":"2017-07-14T02:53:24Z","timestamp":1500000804000},"page":"331-343","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Evidence-Based Treatments"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Arun V","family":"Ravindran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario; Clinical Director, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tricia L","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Administrative Supervisor, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lakshmi N","family":"Ravindran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Centers Research Fellow, Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs, San Diego Health Care System, San Diego, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margaret A","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Director, Clinic for OCD and Related Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario; Associate Professor of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neil A","family":"Rector","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Scientist, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario; Director, Mood and Anxiety Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario; Associate Professor of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-070674370905400507","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. 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