{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T03:54:35Z","timestamp":1777521275886,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,29]],"date-time":"2016-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1469750400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Can J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the prevalence of gambling and problem gambling in urban Aboriginals in the Canadian Prairie provinces and to determine the predictors of problem gambling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In total, 1114 Aboriginals living in 15 cities in Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba were recruited via posters and direct solicitation at Native Friendship Centres, shopping malls, and other locations where Aboriginals congregated. They each completed a self-administered 5- to 10-minute survey.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Urban Aboriginals in the present sample were found to have a much higher level of gambling participation than the general Canadian public, especially for electronic gambling machines, instant lotteries, and bingo. Their intensity of participation in terms of number of formats, frequency of play, and gambling expenditure was also very high. This, in turn, is an important contributing factor to their very high rate of problem gambling, which was found to be 27.2%. Problem gambling was higher in males, unemployed people, and cities having the highest proportion of their population consisting of urban Aboriginals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Urban Aboriginal people appear to have some of the highest known rates of problem gambling of any group in Canada. This is attributable to having many more risk factors for problem gambling, such as a greater level of participation in gambling, greater participation in continuous forms of gambling (e.g., electronic gambling machines), younger average age, higher rates of substance abuse and mental health problems, and a range of disadvantageous social conditions (e.g., poverty, unemployment, poor education, cultural stress) that are conducive to the development of addictive behaviour.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743716661990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,28]],"date-time":"2016-07-28T23:33:45Z","timestamp":1469748825000},"page":"724-731","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Gambling and Problem Gambling among Canadian Urban Aboriginals"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yale D.","family":"Belanger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. Yvonne","family":"Prusak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rural Municipality of Mervin, Turtleford, Saskatchewan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0706743716661990","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9780887554025","volume-title":"First Nations gaming in Canada","author":"Belanger YD","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr2-0706743716661990","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9780887554025-010"},{"key":"bibr3-0706743716661990","unstructured":"Statistics Canada. Aboriginal peoples in Canada: First Nations people, Metis and Inuit: results of the National Household Survey [Internet]. 2011. Available from: https:\/\/www12.statcan.gc.ca\/nhs-enm\/2011\/as-sa\/99-011-x\/99-011-x2011001-eng.cfm"},{"key":"bibr4-0706743716661990","unstructured":"Statistics Canada. Aboriginal demographics from the 2011 National Household Survey [Internet]. 2011. Available from: http:\/\/www12.statcan.gc.ca\/nhs-enm\/2011\/dp-pd\/aprof\/details\/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1"},{"key":"bibr5-0706743716661990","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-012-9323-z"},{"key":"bibr6-0706743716661990","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(97)00225-4"},{"key":"bibr7-0706743716661990","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.1994.1063"},{"key":"bibr8-0706743716661990","volume-title":"Canadian Gambling Digest 2013-2014","author":"Canadian Partnership for Responsible Gambling (2015)"},{"key":"bibr9-0706743716661990","volume-title":"Gambling with the future: The evolution of aboriginal gaming in Canada","author":"Belanger YD","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr10-0706743716661990","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14459790902911653"},{"key":"bibr11-0706743716661990","unstructured":"Williams RJ, Volberg RA. Best practices in the population assessment of problem gambling. Guelph, Ontario: Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre; March 31 2010. Available from: https:\/\/www.uleth.ca\/dspace\/handle\/10133\/1259"},{"key":"bibr12-0706743716661990","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2013.839731"},{"key":"bibr13-0706743716661990","unstructured":"Williams RJ, Volberg RA, Stevens RMG. Population prevalence of problem gambling: methodological influences, standardized rates, jurisdictional differences, and worldwide trends [Internet]. May 8, 2012. Report prepared for the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care and the Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre. May 8, 2012. 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Gambling as a search for justice: Examining the role of personal relative deprivation in gambling urges and gambling behavior.\n                      Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin\n                      , 34(11), 1514\u20131529.","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167208322956"},{"key":"bibr19-0706743716661990","unstructured":"Mishra S, Lalumi\u00e8re ML, Williams RJ, Daly M. Determinants of risky decision-making and gambling: the effects of need and relative deprivation. Guelph (Ontario): Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre; 2012."},{"key":"bibr20-0706743716661990","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Binde P. Gambling and religion: histories of concord and conflict. J Gambling Issues. 2007;20:145\u2013166. 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