{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T15:26:33Z","timestamp":1789140393102,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,29]],"date-time":"2018-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1524960000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Correctional Service of Canada"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Can J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine psychotropic medication prescription practices in federal Canadian penitentiaries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>468 files were drawn from a purposive sample of thirteen Canadian federal institutions representing the five regions, different security levels, and male and female designated facilities. Information on the names of all psychotropic medications prescribed, indications for use, dosage, frequency, and route of administration was retrieved. Designation of approved or off-label use of medications was determined by consulting: (1) the Health Canada (2016) Drug Product Database, (2) the Canadian Compendium of Pharmaceuticals and Specialties 2016, and (3) the American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information 2016. Prescription rates were examined by gender, Indigenous ancestry, drug class, institutional infractions, and current offence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>36.2% of prescriptions for psychotropic medication were coded as \u2018off-label\u2019. Anxiolytic\/hypnotics drugs were the psychotropic drugs most commonly used for off-label purposes. There were no differences in the prevalence of approved versus off-label prescriptions based on Indigenous ancestry or gender, and no pattern of elevated off-label prescription practices for offenders involved in institutional misconducts or those sentenced for the most serious crimes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The rates of prescribing \u2018off-label\u2019 psychotropic medication are not elevated relative to other correctional settings or to rates cited in Canadian surveys conducted in the community.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743718773734","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,30]],"date-time":"2018-04-30T00:07:20Z","timestamp":1525046840000},"page":"683-691","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Approved and Off-Label Use of Prescribed Psychotropic Medications among Federal Canadian Inmates"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Gregory P.","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Applied Social Research, School of Criminology & Criminal Justice, Nipissing University, North Bay, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynn A.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Branch, Correctional Service Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terry","family":"Rabinowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry and Family Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine; Division of Consultation Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, VT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harold","family":"Boudreau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Pharmacist, Correctional Service Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Nursing Project Manager, Correctional Service of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela J.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Pharmacist, Correctional Service Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Nursing Project Manager, Correctional Service of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0706743718773734","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7202\/039130ar"},{"key":"bibr2-0706743718773734","volume-title":"More mentally ill persons are in jails and prisons than hospitals: a survey of the States","author":"Torrey EF","year":"2010"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr3-0706743718773734","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.4321\/S1575-06202007000200002","volume":"9","author":"Varela-Gonz\u00e1lez O","year":"2007","journal-title":"Revista espa\u00f1ola de sanidad penitenciaria"},{"key":"bibr4-0706743718773734","volume-title":"Annual report 2013-2014 of the Office of the Correctional Investigator","author":"Correctional Investigator Canada","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr5-0706743718773734","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881114523863"},{"key":"bibr6-0706743718773734","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0959353512439188"},{"key":"bibr7-0706743718773734","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1078345811421591"},{"key":"bibr8-0706743718773734","volume-title":"Prevalence of psychotropic medication prescription among federal offenders (Research Report R-373)","author":"Farrell Macdonald SF","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr9-0706743718773734","unstructured":"Medco Health Solutions. 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