{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:09:04Z","timestamp":1790788144567,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,22]],"date-time":"2018-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1526947200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Can J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is a preventable disorder caused by maternal alcohol consumption and marked by a range of physical and mental disabilities. Although recognized by the scientific and medical community as a clinical disorder, no internationally standardized diagnostic tool yet exists for FASD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review seeks to analyse the discrepancies in existing diagnostic tools for FASD, and the repercussions these differences have on research, public health, and government policy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Disagreement on the adoption of a standardised tool is reflective of existing gaps in research on the conditions and factors that influence fetal vulnerability to damage from exposure. This discordance has led to variability in research findings, inconsistencies in government messaging, and misdiagnoses or missed diagnoses. The objective measurement of the timing and level of prenatal alcohol exposure is key to bridging these gaps; however, there is conflicting or limited evidence to support the use of existing measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743718777398","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,22]],"date-time":"2018-05-22T21:51:15Z","timestamp":1527025875000},"page":"169-176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["The Standardization of Diagnostic Criteria for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD): Implications for Research, Clinical Practice and Population Health"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Jasmine M.","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Bland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Egon","family":"Jonsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Greenshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0706743718777398","volume-title":"Systematic Review on the Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders","author":"Ospina M","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr2-0706743718777398","first-page":"1","author":"Cook JL","year":"2015","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"bibr3-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.1919"},{"key":"bibr4-0706743718777398","first-page":"476","volume":"25","author":"Lemoine P","year":"1968","journal-title":"Ouest Med"},{"key":"bibr5-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)91092-1"},{"key":"bibr6-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmg.2016.10.004"},{"key":"bibr7-0706743718777398","volume-title":"Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment","author":"Stratton K","year":"1996"},{"key":"bibr8-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-0259"},{"key":"bibr9-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-4256"},{"key":"bibr10-0706743718777398","volume-title":"Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Guidelines for Referral and Diagnosis","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr11-0706743718777398","volume-title":"Diagnostic Guide for Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Related Conditions: The 4-Digit Diagnostic Code. 3 rd ed","author":"Astley SJ","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr12-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.1040302"},{"key":"bibr13-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"bibr14-0706743718777398","volume-title":"International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2016","edition":"10"},{"key":"bibr15-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1997.tb03743.x"},{"key":"bibr16-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13032"},{"key":"bibr17-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2013.03.008"},{"key":"bibr18-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmg.2016.09.013"},{"key":"bibr19-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.70.4.539","author":"Hingson R","year":"1982","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"bibr20-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-4256"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr21-0706743718777398","first-page":"416","volume":"20","author":"Astley SJ","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr22-0706743718777398","first-page":"e211","volume":"22","author":"Clarren SK","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"bibr23-0706743718777398","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics. 2016 Coding for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. American Academy of Pediatrics. 2016. Available from: https:\/\/www.aap.org\/en-us\/Documents\/coding_factsheet_fetalalcoholsyndrome.pdf."},{"key":"bibr24-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15353702-0323006-07"},{"key":"bibr25-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-0362(90)90094-S"},{"key":"bibr26-0706743718777398","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"Patten AR","year":"2003","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"bibr27-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2016.02.002"},{"key":"bibr28-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.21149"},{"key":"bibr29-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03906.x"},{"key":"bibr30-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(01)00696-7"},{"key":"bibr31-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13072-016-0074-4"},{"key":"bibr32-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2016.11.009"},{"key":"bibr33-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2017.01.005"},{"key":"bibr34-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3749878"},{"key":"bibr35-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-016-2169-5"},{"key":"bibr36-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(02)00812-6"},{"key":"bibr37-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/MN:22:1-3:041"},{"key":"bibr38-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13556210410001717006"},{"key":"bibr39-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2008.00864.x"},{"key":"bibr40-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2008.00750.x"},{"key":"bibr41-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20747"},{"key":"bibr42-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5067-07.2008"},{"key":"bibr43-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2009.01021.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr44-0706743718777398","first-page":"282","volume":"26","author":"Jacobson JL","year":"2002","journal-title":"Alcohol Res Health"},{"key":"bibr45-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014107680609900616"},{"key":"bibr46-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.03.053"},{"key":"bibr47-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/13158"},{"key":"bibr48-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04513"},{"key":"bibr49-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1798-04.2004"},{"key":"bibr50-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22520"},{"key":"bibr51-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1161-12.2012"},{"key":"bibr52-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5004-12.2013"},{"key":"bibr53-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2014.04.001"},{"key":"bibr54-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-3806(03)00158-5"},{"key":"bibr55-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhu162"},{"key":"bibr56-0706743718777398","unstructured":"Clarren SK, Cook JL. Dose-Response effect of alcohol consumption during pregnancy and prenatal alcohol exposure: a brief review. 3 2013. [accessed September 5, 2016]. Available from: http:\/\/fasd.alberta.ca\/dose-response-article.aspx."},{"key":"bibr57-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.90.12.1905"},{"key":"bibr58-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2005.66.593"},{"key":"bibr59-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2006.00188.x"},{"key":"bibr60-0706743718777398","unstructured":"Butt P, Beirness D, Stockwell T, Alcohol and health in Canada: a summary of evidence and guidelines for low-risk drinking. Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. 2011. [accessed September 13, 2016]. Available from: http:\/\/www.ccsa.ca\/Resource%20Library\/2011-Summary-of-Evidence-and-Guidelines-for-Low-Risk%20Drinking-en.pdf."},{"key":"bibr61-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2002.tb02459.x"},{"key":"bibr62-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000117868.97486.2D"},{"key":"bibr63-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2006.00119.x"},{"key":"bibr64-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.2.e34"},{"key":"bibr65-0706743718777398","unstructured":"Health Canada. It\u2019s Your Health - Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. HC. Available from: http:\/\/www.hc-sc.gc.ca\/hl-vs\/iyh-vsv\/diseases-maladies\/fasd-etcaf-eng.php."},{"key":"bibr66-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743717703646"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr67-0706743718777398","first-page":"15","volume":"34","author":"May PA","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alcohol Res Health"},{"key":"bibr68-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10826089509104417"},{"issue":"10","key":"bibr69-0706743718777398","first-page":"1142","volume":"144","author":"Little BB","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr70-0706743718777398","first-page":"1","volume":"102","author":"Mukherjee R.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"bibr71-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-2171"},{"key":"bibr72-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2006.06.015"},{"key":"bibr73-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-0517"},{"key":"bibr74-0706743718777398","unstructured":"British Medical Association. Alcohol and pregnancy - preventing and managing fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. BMA. 2007. [accessed September 24, 2016 ]. Available from: https:\/\/www.bma.org.uk\/collective-voice\/policy-and-research\/public-and-population-health\/alcohol\/alcohol-and-pregnancy."},{"key":"bibr75-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02842.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr76-0706743718777398","first-page":"179","volume":"12","author":"Czeizel AE","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cent Eur J Publ Health"},{"key":"bibr77-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1988.tb00526.x"},{"key":"bibr78-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-14-127"},{"key":"bibr79-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S85403"},{"key":"bibr80-0706743718777398","first-page":"105","volume":"14","author":"Zadunayski A","year":"2006","journal-title":"Health Law J"},{"key":"bibr81-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2011.09.029"},{"key":"bibr82-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12115"},{"key":"bibr83-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/35.4.400"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr84-0706743718777398","first-page":"428","volume":"95","author":"Aase JM","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"bibr85-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmg.2016.09.010"},{"key":"bibr86-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2011.07.013"},{"key":"bibr87-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(99)00059-8"},{"key":"bibr88-0706743718777398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12757"},{"key":"bibr89-0706743718777398","first-page":"45","volume-title":"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder\u2014Management and policy perspectives of FASD","author":"Thanh NX","year":"2011"}],"container-title":["The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0706743718777398","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0706743718777398","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0706743718777398","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T16:13:48Z","timestamp":1777392828000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0706743718777398"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,22]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0706743718777398"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0706743718777398","relation":{},"ISSN":["0706-7437","1497-0015"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0706-7437","type":"print"},{"value":"1497-0015","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,22]]}}}