{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T12:19:18Z","timestamp":1789993158859,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,27]],"date-time":"2019-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000226","name":"Mental Health Commission of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Can J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to describe interactions between police and persons who experience homelessness and serious mental illness and explore whether housing status is associated with police interactions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a secondary analysis of 2008 to 2013 data from the Toronto, Canada, site of the At Home\/Chez Soi study. Using police administrative data, we calculated the number and types of police interactions, the proportion of charges for acts of living and administration of justice, and the proportion of occurrences due to victimization, involuntary psychiatric assessment, and suicidal behavior. Using generalized estimating equations, we estimated the odds of police interaction by housing status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study included 547 adults with mental illness who were homeless at baseline. In the year prior to randomization, 55.8% of participants interacted with police, while 51.7% and 43.0% interacted with police in Study Years 1 and 2, respectively. Of 2,228 charges against participants, 12.6% were due to acts of living and 21.2% were for administration of justice. Of 518 occurrences, 41.1% were for victimization, 45.6% were for mental health assessment, and 22.2% were for suicidal behavior. The odds of any police interaction during the past 90 days was 47% higher for those who were homeless compared to those who were stably housed (95% CI 1.26 to 1.73).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For people who experience homelessness and mental illness in Toronto, Canada, interactions with police are common. The provision of stable housing and changes in policy and practice could decrease harms and increase health benefits associated with police interactions for this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743719861386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,28]],"date-time":"2019-06-28T00:07:30Z","timestamp":1561680450000},"page":"718-725","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Interactions between Police and Persons Who Experience Homelessness and Mental Illness in Toronto, Canada: Findings from a Prospective Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6869-7516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fiona G.","family":"Kouyoumdjian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ri","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cilia","family":"Mejia-Lancheros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akwasi","family":"Owusu-Bempah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosane","family":"Nisenbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Biostatistics, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"O\u2019Campo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicky","family":"Stergiopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen W.","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0706743719861386","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-12-222"},{"key":"bibr2-0706743719861386","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e328361e596"},{"key":"bibr3-0706743719861386","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201200515"},{"key":"bibr4-0706743719861386","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2010.10.003"},{"key":"bibr5-0706743719861386","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1462474517704852"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr6-0706743719861386","first-page":"1","volume":"55","author":"Robinson T","year":"2017","journal-title":"Urban Affairs Review"},{"key":"bibr7-0706743719861386","volume-title":"Searching out solutions: constructive alternatives to the criminalization of homelessness","author":"United States Interagency Council on Homelessness","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr8-0706743719861386","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-006-0072-0"},{"key":"bibr9-0706743719861386","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302046"},{"key":"bibr10-0706743719861386","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jurban\/jth143"},{"key":"bibr11-0706743719861386","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brink J, Livingston J, Desmarais S, et al. A study of how people with mental illness perceive and interact with the police. 2011 [cited May 2018]. Available from: https:\/\/www.mentalhealthcommission.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/Law_How_People_with_Mental_Illness_Perceive_Interact_Police_Study_ENG_1_0_1.pdf.","DOI":"10.1037\/e507662013-001"},{"key":"bibr12-0706743719861386","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2017.09.003"},{"key":"bibr13-0706743719861386","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010581"},{"key":"bibr14-0706743719861386","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2011-000323"},{"key":"bibr15-0706743719861386","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.1163"},{"key":"bibr16-0706743719861386","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201400587"},{"key":"bibr17-0706743719861386","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.20132"},{"key":"bibr18-0706743719861386","unstructured":"Toronto Police Service. Toronto Police Service Public Safety Data Portal: Data Definitions and Counting Methodology. 2017 [cited May 13, 2018]. Available from: http:\/\/data.torontopolice.on.ca\/pages\/glossary."},{"key":"bibr19-0706743719861386","volume-title":"Mental health and contact with police in Canada, 2012","author":"Boyce J","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr20-0706743719861386","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201500312"},{"key":"bibr21-0706743719861386","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/13639511311329741"},{"key":"bibr22-0706743719861386","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9133.2010.00673.x"},{"key":"bibr23-0706743719861386","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2006.57.11.1623"},{"key":"bibr24-0706743719861386","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.20992"},{"key":"bibr25-0706743719861386","volume-title":"\u201cNot Just Another Call\u2026Police Response to People with Mental Illnesses in Ontario:\u201d A practical guideline for the frontline officer","author":"Hoffman R","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr26-0706743719861386","volume-title":"Police encounters with people in crisis: An independent review conducted by The Honourable Frank Iacobucci for Chief of Police William Blair, Toronto Police Service","author":"Iacobucci F","year":"2014"}],"container-title":["The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0706743719861386","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0706743719861386","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0706743719861386","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T16:14:04Z","timestamp":1777392844000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0706743719861386"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,27]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0706743719861386"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0706743719861386","relation":{},"ISSN":["0706-7437","1497-0015"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0706-7437","type":"print"},{"value":"1497-0015","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,27]]}}}