{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T09:39:15Z","timestamp":1786873155911,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,26]],"date-time":"2020-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579996800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000204","name":"Vancouver Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000204","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Can J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sexual orientation change efforts (SOCE), or \u201cconversion therapy,\u201d are pseudoscientific practices intended to suppress or deny sexual attraction to members of the same gender\/sex. There are currently no data available to inform estimates of the prevalence of SOCE exposure in Canada. The objective of this study is therefore to describe the prevalence, social\u2013demographic correlates, and health consequences of SOCE among Canadian sexual minority men.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Sex Now<\/jats:italic>\n                      2011 to 2012 was a cross-sectional nonprobability survey of Canadian sexual minority men. Respondents were asked about lifetime SOCE exposure. We estimated prevalence of SOCE exposure by sociodemographic characteristics and examined psychosocial health outcomes among those exposed to SOCE.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 8,388 respondents, 3.5% (95% confidence interval, 3.2% to 4.1%) reported having ever been exposed to SOCE. Exposure to SOCE was higher among gay men (as compared with bisexual men), transgender respondents (as compared with cisgender respondents), those who were \u201cout\u201d about their sexuality (as compared with those who were not \u201cout\u201d), Indigenous men (as compared with White men), other racial minorities (as compared with White men), and those earning a personal income &lt;$30,000 (as compared with those earning \u2265$60,000 CAD). Exposure to SOCE was positively associated with loneliness, regular illicit drug use, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempt.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SOCE exposure remains prevalent and associated with substantial psychosocial morbidity among sexual minority men in Canada. All levels of government in Canada should consider action to ban SOCE. SOCE survivors likely require intervention and support from the Canadian health-care system.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743720902629","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,26]],"date-time":"2020-01-26T22:57:52Z","timestamp":1580079472000},"page":"502-509","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Prevalence of Exposure to Sexual Orientation Change Efforts and Associated Sociodemographic Characteristics and Psychosocial Health Outcomes among Canadian Sexual Minority Men"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5699-5444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Travis","family":"Salway","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada"},{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Gender and Sexual Health Equity, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Ferlatte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole de sant\u00e9 publique, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dionne","family":"Gesink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan J.","family":"Lachowsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Social Policy, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada"},{"name":"Community-Based Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"Shidlo A Schroeder M Drescher J. 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American Psychiatric Association; 2013 [cited 2019 Sep 26]. https:\/\/www.psychiatry.org\/File%20Library\/About-APA\/Organization-Documents-Policies\/Policies\/Position-2013-Homosexuality.pdf."},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mental health care for people who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and (or) queer","volume":"59","author":"Veltman A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Veltman A, Chaimowitz G. Mental health care for people who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and (or) queer. Can J Psychiatry. 2014;59(11):1\u20138.","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00918369.2014.926763"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","unstructured":"Movement Advancement Project. LGBT policy spotlight: conversion therapy bans [Internet]; 2015 [cited 2019 Sep 26]. http:\/\/lgbtmap.org\/policy-and-issue-analysis\/policy-spotlight-conversion-therapy-bans."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038724"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","unstructured":"Mallory C Brown T Conron K. Conversion therapy and LGBT youth [Internet]. Los Angeles (CA): Williams Institute; 2018 [cited 2019 Sep 26]. https:\/\/williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/Conversion-Therapy-LGBT-Youth-Jan-2018.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","unstructured":"Vander Wal Gritter W. Preventing and addressing the harm caused by sexual orientation and gender identity change efforts: a brief submitted to the Standing Committee on Health for the Committee\u2019s study of LGBTQ2 health in Canada [Internet]. Generous Space; 2019 Sep 26. https:\/\/www.ourcommons.ca\/Content\/Committee\/421\/HESA\/Brief\/BR10439056\/br-external\/GenerousSpaceMinistries-e.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","unstructured":"Salway T Card K Ferlatte O et al. Protecting Canadian sexual and gender minorities from harmful sexual orientation and gender identity change efforts: a brief submitted to the Standing Committee on Health for the Committee\u2019s study of LGBTQ2 health in Canada [Internet]. Vancouver: University of British Columbia; 2019 Sep 26. https:\/\/www.ourcommons.ca\/Content\/Committee\/421\/HESA\/Brief\/BR10447600\/br-external\/SalwayTravis-2-e.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashley F. Model Law\u2014prohibiting reparative practices; 2019. https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm? abstract_id=3398402.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3398402"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2018-105293"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","unstructured":"The Trevor Project. National survey on LGBTQ youth mental health conversion therapy & change attempts [Internet]; 2019 [cited 2019 Sep 26]. https:\/\/www.thetrevorproject.org\/survey-2019\/?section=Conversion-Therapy-Change-Attempts."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305237"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","article-title":"How gay conversion therapy got a foothold in Canada","author":"Butterfield M.","unstructured":"Butterfield M. How gay conversion therapy got a foothold in Canada. 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