{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T08:41:47Z","timestamp":1790671307741,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]],"date-time":"2020-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608681600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007553","name":"Gambling Research Exchange Ontario","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007553","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024452","name":"Canadian Consortium for Gambling Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024452","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000144","name":"Alberta Gambling Research Institute, University of Alberta","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000144","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024783","name":"Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024783","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Can J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of this study was to provide an updated profile of gambling and problem gambling in Canada and to examine how the rates and pattern of participation compare to 2002.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An assessment of gambling and problem gambling was included in the 2018 Canadian Community Health Survey and administered to 24,982 individuals aged 15 and older. The present analyses selected for adults (18+).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 66.2% of people reported engaging in some type of gambling in 2018, primarily lottery and\/or raffle tickets, the only type in which the majority of Canadians participate. There are some significant interprovincial differences, with perhaps the most important one being the higher rate of electronic gambling machine (EGM) participation in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. The overall pattern of gambling in 2018 is very similar to 2002, although participation is generally much lower in 2018, particularly for EGMs and bingo. Only 0.6% of the population were identified as problem gamblers in 2018, with an additional 2.7% being at-risk gamblers. There is no significant interprovincial variation in problem gambling rates. The interprovincial pattern of problem gambling in 2018 is also very similar to what was found in 2002 with the main difference being a 45% decrease in the overall prevalence of problem gambling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gambling and problem gambling have both decreased in Canada from 2002 to 2018 although the provincial patterns are quite similar between the 2 time periods. Several mechanisms have likely collectively contributed to these declines. Decreases have also been reported in several other Western countries in recent years and have occurred despite the expansion of legal gambling opportunities, suggesting a degree of inoculation or adaptation in large parts of the population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743720980080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]],"date-time":"2020-12-23T04:13:06Z","timestamp":1608696786000},"page":"485-494","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Gambling and Problem Gambling in Canada in 2018: Prevalence and Changes Since 2002"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9558-9588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert J.","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1949-0084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carrie A.","family":"Leonard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yale D.","family":"Belanger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Political Science, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darren R.","family":"Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nady","family":"el-Guebaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Hodgins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel S.","family":"McGrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Nicoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Political Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhys M.G.","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0706743720980080","first-page":"33","volume-title":"Research and measurement issues in gambling studies","author":"Volberg RA.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr2-0706743720980080","unstructured":"Williams RJ, Volberg RA. Population assessment of problem gambling: utility and best practices. Report for the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care and the Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre. April 30, 2012. [accessed 2020 May 17]. https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10133\/3094."},{"key":"bibr3-0706743720980080","volume-title":"The Canadian Problem Gambling Index: final report. Ottawa (ON)","volume":"2001","author":"Ferris J"},{"key":"bibr4-0706743720980080","unstructured":"Statistics Canada. Canadian Community Health Survey cycle 1.2 mental health and well-being. 2002. [accessed 2020 May 17]. https:\/\/www23.statcan.gc.ca\/imdb\/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&Id=5285."},{"key":"bibr5-0706743720980080","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370505000404"},{"key":"bibr6-0706743720980080","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0002-9432.77.4.616"},{"key":"bibr7-0706743720980080","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.18.1.40"},{"key":"bibr8-0706743720980080","unstructured":"Canadian Partnership for Responsible Gambling. 2016\/2017 gambling digest. Published 2017. [accessed 2020 May 17]. http:\/\/www.cprg.ca\/Digests."},{"key":"bibr9-0706743720980080","unstructured":"Williams RJ, Volberg RA, Stevens RMG. Population prevalence of problem gambling: methodological influences, standardized rates, jurisdictional differences, and worldwide trends. Report prepared for the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care and the Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre. May 8, 2012. [accessed 2020 May 17]. https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10133\/3068."},{"key":"bibr10-0706743720980080","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716212464191"},{"key":"bibr11-0706743720980080","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716212461748"},{"key":"bibr12-0706743720980080","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14459790902911653"},{"key":"bibr13-0706743720980080","volume-title":"Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) annual component user guide","author":"Statistics Canada","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr14-0706743720980080","volume-title":"Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) rapid response on gambling. Complement to the user guide","author":"Statistics Canada","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr15-0706743720980080","unstructured":"Williams RJ, Volberg RA, Stevens RMG, Williams LA, Arthur JN. The definition, dimensionalization, and assessment of gambling participation. Report for the Canadian Consortium for Gambling Research. February 2, 2017. 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[accessed 2020 May 17]. https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10133\/3121."},{"key":"bibr24-0706743720980080","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-014-9471-4"},{"key":"bibr25-0706743720980080","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.04.003"},{"key":"bibr26-0706743720980080","author":"Williams RJ","journal-title":"Can J Public Health"},{"key":"bibr27-0706743720980080","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1024\/0939-5911\/a000563"},{"key":"bibr28-0706743720980080","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-2415.2004.00033.x"},{"key":"bibr29-0706743720980080","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/cpp.33.3.367"},{"key":"bibr30-0706743720980080","author":"el-Guebaly N","year":"2015","journal-title":"Final report for the Alberta Gambling Research Institute"},{"key":"bibr31-0706743720980080","unstructured":"Williams RJ, Hann R, Schopflocher D, et al. Quinte longitudinal study of gambling and problem gambling. 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