{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T10:52:04Z","timestamp":1790679124787,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609977600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["333252"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["333252"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Can J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present report is the first study of Canadian military personnel to use longitudinal survey data to identify factors that determine major depressive episodes (MDEs) over a period of 16 years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study used data from the Canadian Armed Forces Members and Veterans Mental Health Follow-up Survey (CAFVMHS) collected in 2018 ( n = 2,941, response rate 68.7%) and linked baseline data from the same participants that were collected in 2002 when they were Canadian Regular Force members. The study used structured interviews to identify 5 common Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition mental disorders and collected demographic data, as well as information about traumatic experiences, childhood adversities, work stress, and potential resilience factors. Respondents were divided into 4 possible MDE courses: No Disorder, Remitting, New Onset, and Persistent\/Recurrent. Relative risk ratios (RRRs) from multinomial regression models were used to evaluate determinants of these outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A history of anxiety disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder (RRRs: 1.50 to 20.55), mental health service utilization (RRRs: 1.70 to 12.34), veteran status (RRRs: 1.64 to 2.15), deployment-associated traumatic events (RRRs: 1.71 to 2.27), sexual traumas (RRRs: 1.91 to 2.93), other traumas (RRRs: 1.67 to 2.64), childhood adversities (RRRs: 1.39 to 1.97), avoidance coping (RRRs 1.09 to 1.49), higher frequency of religious attendance (RRRs: 1.54 to 1.61), and work stress (RRRs: 1.05 to 1.10) were associated with MDE courses in most analyses. Problem-focused coping (RRRs: 0.73 to 0.91) and social support (RRRs: 0.95 to 0.98) were associated with protection against MDEs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The time periods following deployment and trauma exposure and during the transition from active duty to veteran status are particularly relevant for vulnerability to depression in military members. Interventions that enhance problem-focused coping and social support may be protective against MDEs in military members.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743720984677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]],"date-time":"2021-01-13T18:58:39Z","timestamp":1610564319000},"page":"971-981","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Course and Predictors of Major Depressive Disorder in the Canadian Armed Forces Members and Veterans Mental Health Follow-up Survey: Cours et Pr\u00e9dicteurs du Trouble de D\u00e9pression Majeure Dans l\u2019Enqu\u00eate de Suivi Sur la Sant\u00e9 Mentale Aupr\u00e8s Des Membres des Forces Arm\u00e9es Canadiennes et des ex-Militaires"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8375-0151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murray W.","family":"Enns","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2832-2223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalie","family":"Mota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Clinical Health Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3745-9785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tracie O.","family":"Afifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Community Health Sciences and Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0750-4266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shay-Lee","family":"Bolton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Don","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9871-4041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott B.","family":"Patten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jitender","family":"Sareen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology and Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0706743720984677","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371506000106"},{"key":"bibr2-0706743720984677","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743716659416"},{"key":"bibr3-0706743720984677","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743716628854"},{"key":"bibr4-0706743720984677","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743716628856"},{"key":"bibr5-0706743720984677","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743718816057"},{"key":"bibr6-0706743720984677","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743716628853"},{"key":"bibr7-0706743720984677","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-019-2146-z"},{"key":"bibr8-0706743720984677","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/ser0000259"},{"key":"bibr9-0706743720984677","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/ejpt.v5.23822"},{"key":"bibr10-0706743720984677","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743716628857"},{"key":"bibr11-0706743720984677","author":"Bolton SL","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr12-0706743720984677","author":"Sareen J","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr13-0706743720984677","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.169"},{"key":"bibr14-0706743720984677","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.47"},{"key":"bibr15-0706743720984677","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370905400207"},{"key":"bibr16-0706743720984677","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171200102X"},{"key":"bibr17-0706743720984677","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(91)90150-B"},{"key":"bibr18-0706743720984677","unstructured":"Statistics Canada. 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