{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T16:57:24Z","timestamp":1791219444799,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["333252"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["333252"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Can J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examined baseline risk and protective predictors and interim correlates of the persistence\/recurrence, remission, and onset of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a 16-year prospective, nationally representative sample of Canadian Forces members and veterans.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The 2018 Canadian Armed Forces Members and Veterans Mental Health Follow-up Survey is a prospective study of 2,941 regular force service members and veterans who participated in the 2002 Canadian Community Health Survey on Mental Health and Wellbeing: Canadian Forces Supplement ( n = 5,155; ages 15 to 64 years; response rate 68%). PTSD diagnoses in 2002 and 2018 were used to create 4 groups: (1) no lifetime, (2) remitted, (3) new onset, and (4) persistent\/recurrent PTSD. Multinomial regressions were conducted to identify predictors of PTSD courses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Female sex, being a junior noncommissioned member (vs. officer), and land (vs. air) operations in 2002 were associated with all PTSD courses relative to no lifetime PTSD (relative risk ratio [RRR] range: 1.28 to 3.65). After adjusting for sociodemographic variables, baseline predictors of all PTSD courses included lifetime mental disorder, history of mental health care utilization, all trauma type categories (deployment-associated, sexual, \u201cother\u201d), and the number of lifetime traumatic events (RRR range: 1.14 to 8.95). New (\u201csince 2002\u201d) traumas, transitioning to veteran status, and alcohol dependence were mostly associated with the new onset and persistent\/recurrent PTSD courses (RRR range: 1.79 to 4.31), while mental health care utilization and greater avoidance coping were associated with all PTSD courses (RRR range: 1.10 to 17.87). Protective factors for several PTSD courses at one or both time points included social support, social network size, and problem-focused coping (RRR range: 0.71 to 0.98).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is the first population-based survey to examine the longitudinal course of PTSD in Canadian Forces members. Prevention and intervention programs focused on bolstering social support and active coping strategies as possible protective factors\/correlates may help mitigate the development and persistence of PTSD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743721989167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T05:20:08Z","timestamp":1612156808000},"page":"982-995","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Course and Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Canadian Armed Forces: A Nationally Representative, 16-Year Follow-up Study: Cours et pr\u00e9dicteurs du trouble de stress post-traumatique dans les Forces arm\u00e9es canadiennes: une \u00e9tude de suivi de 16 ans nationalement repr\u00e9sentative"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2832-2223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalie","family":"Mota","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Clinical Health Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0750-4266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shay-Lee","family":"Bolton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8375-0151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murray W.","family":"Enns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3745-9785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tracie O.","family":"Afifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Community Health Sciences and Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3445-5607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ren\u00e9e","family":"El-Gabalawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, and Clinical Health Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8311-1854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordana L.","family":"Sommer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Psychology and Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert H.","family":"Pietrzak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA"},{"name":"National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murray B.","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Psychiatry and of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, and VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gordon J. G.","family":"Asmundson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Anxiety and Illness Behaviours Lab, University of Regina, Regina, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jitender","family":"Sareen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743716628854"},{"key":"bibr2-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9778\/cmajo.20180093"},{"key":"bibr3-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743716643742"},{"key":"bibr4-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743716628853"},{"key":"bibr5-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22820"},{"key":"bibr6-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00368-5"},{"key":"bibr7-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2018.11.023"},{"key":"bibr8-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kww151"},{"key":"bibr9-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.0803"},{"key":"bibr10-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797612457389"},{"key":"bibr11-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.111.096552"},{"key":"bibr12-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx318"},{"key":"bibr13-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371506001104"},{"key":"bibr14-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120270"},{"key":"bibr15-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.13m08914"},{"key":"bibr16-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22628"},{"key":"bibr17-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2019.09.005"},{"key":"bibr18-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.03.071"},{"key":"bibr19-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22221"},{"key":"bibr20-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1590-5"},{"key":"bibr21-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2018.05.005"},{"key":"bibr22-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22316"},{"key":"bibr23-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2016.07.003"},{"key":"bibr24-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08039488.2015.1005023"},{"key":"bibr25-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000110287.16635.8e"},{"key":"bibr26-0706743721989167","author":"Bolton SL","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr27-0706743721989167","author":"Afifi TO","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr28-0706743721989167","volume-title":"Canadian Forces 2002 CCHS Supplement: Briefing Document","author":"Statistics Canada","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr29-0706743721989167","volume-title":"Canadian Armed Forces Members and Veterans Mental Health Follow-up Survey 2018: Master file user guide","author":"Statistics Canada","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr30-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370905400207"},{"key":"bibr31-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2011.09.014"},{"key":"bibr32-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171200102X"},{"key":"bibr33-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.169"},{"key":"bibr34-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.168"},{"key":"bibr35-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(91)90150-B"},{"key":"bibr36-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371305801006"},{"key":"bibr37-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-8998.3.4.322"},{"key":"bibr38-0706743721989167","volume-title":"Stata Statistical Software: Release 16","author":"StataCorp","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr39-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2017.01.016"},{"key":"bibr40-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2019.104416"},{"key":"bibr41-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-018-0191-9"},{"key":"bibr42-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2019.07.009"},{"key":"bibr43-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2015.02.003"},{"key":"bibr44-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jmvfh.3258"},{"key":"bibr45-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.15m10188"},{"key":"bibr46-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000000581"},{"key":"bibr47-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2011.06.014"},{"key":"bibr48-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2012.06.006"},{"key":"bibr49-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.109.2.205"},{"key":"bibr50-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(02)00198-8"},{"key":"bibr51-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-015-0399-8"},{"key":"bibr52-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2018.08.003"},{"key":"bibr53-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/med-psych\/9780190926939.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr54-0706743721989167","volume-title":"Cognitive Processing Therapy for PTSD: A Comprehensive Manual","author":"Resick PA","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr55-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2017.01.004"},{"key":"bibr56-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/mil0000100"},{"key":"bibr57-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.03.006"},{"key":"bibr58-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000358"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr59-0706743721989167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20528","volume":"23","author":"Rielage JK","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"}],"container-title":["The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0706743721989167","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0706743721989167","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0706743721989167","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T16:14:51Z","timestamp":1777392891000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0706743721989167"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0706743721989167"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0706743721989167","relation":{},"ISSN":["0706-7437","1497-0015"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0706-7437","type":"print"},{"value":"1497-0015","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]}}}