{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T15:28:10Z","timestamp":1778858890712,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646697600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["154823"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["154823"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Can J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe current approaches in treatment of opioid use disorder (OUD) within Canadian psychosocial outpatient, day, and residential addiction treatment programs, with an emphasis on the use of opioid agonist therapy (OAT).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An online census survey was conducted in English and French of Canadian psychosocial addiction treatment programs ( N\u2009=\u2009214).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Programs estimated that 25% of their clients have OUD. A slight majority of programs provide some type of specialized services to clients with OUD (58%), most frequently providing or facilitating access to OAT but also specialized counselling, case management, education, and harm reduction services. Most programs reported that they admitted clients on OAT (88%) and only a minority expected or encouraged clients to taper (14%) or discontinue (6%). Programs focusing on client abstinence as the treatment goal were more likely to expect or encourage tapering or discontinuation than programs that focus on helping clients achieve personal consumption goals. Of programs that did not currently facilitate OAT, 44% indicated that they would provide OAT, but lacked the necessary accreditation, physician support, or other resources. No philosophical objections to OAT were noted. OAT initiation was provided by 30% of programs, 23% referred to another service within their organization, and 29% referred to a service outside their organization. The remaining 18% did not facilitate OAT initiation at all, ranging from 0% in Quebec to 23% in the Prairies. Overdose response kits were provided by 86% of programs. The majority not providing kits indicated willingness if policy support and resources were provided (67%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, the results demonstrate that psychosocial programs provide some specialized services for OUD but desire further support specifically to provide OAT, including training, knowledge, and the expertise of individuals qualified to prescribe and dispense OAT. Many psychosocial treatment programs expressed a need for staff and resources for this purpose.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/07067437221082858","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T07:53:26Z","timestamp":1646726006000},"page":"638-647","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder in Canadian Psychosocial Addiction Programs: A National Survey of Policy, Attitudes, and Practice"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2737-5200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David C.","family":"Hodgins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mathew","family":"Budd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gail","family":"Czukar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addictions and Mental Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Dubreucq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lois A.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Rush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lena C.","family":"Quilty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Cameron Wild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-07067437221082858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24095\/hpcdp.38.6.02"},{"key":"bibr2-07067437221082858","unstructured":"Government of Canada. Opioid- and Stimulant-related Harms in Canada. 2021. https:\/\/health-infobase.canada.ca\/substance-related-harms\/opioids-stimulants\/ (accessed June 22 2021)."},{"key":"bibr3-07067437221082858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.170958"},{"key":"bibr4-07067437221082858","unstructured":"BC Coroners Service. Preventing Pharmaceutical Opioid-associated Mortality in British Columbia: A Review of Prescribed Opioid Overdose Deaths. Victoria, British Columbia, 2017. https:\/\/www2.gov.bc.ca\/assets\/gov\/health\/about-bc-s-health-care-system\/office-of-the-provincial-health-officer\/reports-publications\/special-reports\/pharmaceutical-opioid-associated-mortality-in-bc-july-17-2017.pdf (accessed February 22 2022)."},{"key":"bibr5-07067437221082858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2014.01.494"},{"key":"bibr6-07067437221082858","unstructured":"CRISM. Canadian Research Initiative in Substance Misuse (CRISM) National Guideline for the Clinical Management of Opioid Use Disorder, 2018. https:\/\/crism.ca\/projects\/opioid-guideline\/ (accessed 22 February 2022)."},{"key":"bibr7-07067437221082858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004147.pub4"},{"key":"bibr8-07067437221082858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000193"},{"key":"bibr9-07067437221082858","volume":"12","author":"Hunt GE","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"bibr10-07067437221082858","volume":"12","author":"Klimas J","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"bibr11-07067437221082858","volume":"4","author":"Roberts NP","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"bibr12-07067437221082858","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108434"},{"key":"bibr13-07067437221082858","unstructured":"McQuaid RJ, Malik A, Moussouni K, Baydack N, Stargardter M, Morrisey M. Life in Recovery from Addiction in Canada. Ottawa, 2017. https:\/\/www.ccsa.ca\/life-recovery-addiction-canada-technical-report (accessed 22 February 2022)."},{"key":"bibr14-07067437221082858","unstructured":"Wild C, Wolfe J, Wang J, Ohinmaa A. Gap Analysis of Public Mental Health and Addictions Programs (GAP-MAP) Final Report. Edmonton, 2014. https:\/\/open.alberta.ca\/publications\/gap-analysis-of-public-mental-health-and-addictions-programs-gap-map-final-report (accessed 22 February 2022)."},{"key":"bibr15-07067437221082858","unstructured":"Kohn MA, Senyak J. Sample Size Calculators. UCSF Clinical and Translational Science Institute. 2021. https:\/\/www.sample-size.net\/ (accessed 03 January 2022)."}],"container-title":["The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/07067437221082858","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/07067437221082858","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/07067437221082858","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T16:14:54Z","timestamp":1777392894000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/07067437221082858"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/07067437221082858"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/07067437221082858","relation":{},"ISSN":["0706-7437","1497-0015"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0706-7437","type":"print"},{"value":"1497-0015","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]]}}}