{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T17:23:06Z","timestamp":1783531386032,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652054400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OCC-154893"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OCC-154893"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Can J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Youth and young adults have been significantly impacted by the opioid overdose and health crisis in North America. There is evidence of increasing morbidity and mortality due to opioids among those aged 15\u201329. Our review of key international reports indicates there are few youth-focused interventions and treatments for opioid use. Our scoping review sought to identify, characterize, and qualitatively evaluate the youth-specific clinical and pre-clinical interventions for opioid use among youth.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched MedLine and PsycInfo for articles that were published between 2013 and 2021. Previous reports published in 2015 and 2016 did not identify opioid-specific interventions for youth and we thus focused on the time period following the periods covered by these prior reports. We input three groups of relevant keywords in the aforementioned search engines. Specifically, articles were included if they targeted a youth population (ages 15\u201325), studied an intervention, and measured impacts on opioid use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified 21 studies that examined the impacts of heterogeneous interventions on youth opioid consumption. The studies were classified inductively as psycho-social-educational, pharmacological, or combined pharmacological-psycho-social-educational. Most studies focused on treatment of opioid use disorder among youth, with few studies focused on early or experimental stages of opioid use. A larger proportion of studies focused heavily on male participants (i.e., male gender and\/or sex). Very few studies involved and\/or included youth in treatment\/program development, with one study premised on previous research about sexual minority youth.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Research on treatments and interventions for youth using or at-risk of opioids appears to be sparse. More youth involvement in research and program development is vital. The intersectional and multi-factorial nature of youth opioid use and the youth opioid crisis necessitates the development and evaluation of novel treatments that address youth-specific contexts and needs (i.e., those that address socio-economic, neurobiological, psychological, and environmental factors that promote opioid use among youth).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/07067437221089810","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T02:16:16Z","timestamp":1652148976000},"page":"881-898","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Interventions to Reduce Opioid Use in Youth At-Risk and in Treatment for Substance Use Disorders: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6273-0290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie A.","family":"Nairn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Psychiatrie, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, H3T 1J4, Canada"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche, CHU Ste-Justine, Montr\u00e9al, Quebec, H3T 1C4, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Sociology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2T7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Audet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Psychiatrie, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, H3T 1J4, Canada"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche, CHU Ste-Justine, Montr\u00e9al, Quebec, H3T 1C4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherry H.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 2E2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1108-9453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa D.","family":"Hawke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, M6J 1H4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason Y.","family":"Isaacs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 2E2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, M6J 1H4, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4174-3102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Saah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rod","family":"Knight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6Z 2A9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5994-3669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danya","family":"Fast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6Z 2A9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faria","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre du Chum, Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0C1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Conrod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Psychiatrie, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, H3T 1J4, Canada"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche, CHU Ste-Justine, Montr\u00e9al, Quebec, H3T 1C4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-07067437221089810","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20633"},{"key":"bibr2-07067437221089810","unstructured":"Canada.ca [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Health Canada; 2020. Infographic: opioid related harms in Canada; 2018 [cited 2020 Sep 11]; [health \u2013 healthy living \u2013 problematic substance use \u2013 controlled and illegal drugs \u2013 opioids]. Available from: https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/publications\/healthy-living\/infographic-opioid-related-harms-june-2018.html"},{"key":"bibr3-07067437221089810","unstructured":"Canadian Institute for Health Information (CA). Opioid-related harms in Canada. Ottawa (ON): CIHI; 2018. [cited 2021 Jan 12]. 80 p. Available from: https:\/\/www.cihi.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/document\/opioid-related-harms-report-2018-en-web.pdf"},{"key":"bibr4-07067437221089810","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000412"},{"key":"bibr5-07067437221089810","unstructured":"Special advisory committee on the epidemic of opioid overdoses.\n                      Highlights from phase one of the national study on opioid- and other drug-related overdose deaths: insights from coroners and medical examiners\n                      . Ottawa: Public Health Agency of Canada; September 2018. Updated October 2019."},{"key":"bibr6-07067437221089810","unstructured":"Hoffman J. Johnson and Johnson ordered to pay $572 million in landmark opioid trial. The New York Times. 2019 Aug 26 [cited 2021 May 15]; Health [about 2 pages.]. Available from: https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2019\/08\/26\/health\/oklahoma-opioids-johnson-and-johnson.html"},{"key":"bibr7-07067437221089810","author":"Balakrishnan A","journal-title":"Canadian Underwriter"},{"key":"bibr8-07067437221089810","unstructured":"Sherman N. Purdue Pharma to plead guilty in $8bn opioid settlement. BBC News. 2020 Oct 21. Available from: https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-54636002. cited 2021 May 15]; Business [about 1 page.]."},{"key":"bibr9-07067437221089810","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CXA.0000000000000088"},{"key":"bibr10-07067437221089810","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00193"},{"key":"bibr11-07067437221089810","unstructured":"Boak A, Elton-Marshall T, Mann RE, et al. Drug use among Ontario students, detailed findings from the Ontario Student Drug Use and Health Survey. Toronto (ON): Centre for Addiction and Mental Health. 2020;312;1-275. Available from: https:\/\/www.camh.ca\/-\/media\/files\/pdf-osduhs\/drugusereport_2019osduhs-pdf."},{"key":"bibr12-07067437221089810","unstructured":"Canada.ca [Internet]. Ottawa: Government of Canada; 2021. Canadian Tobacco Alcohol and Drugs (CTADS): 2013 summary; 2015 Feb [cited 2020 Nov 1]; [health \u2013 health science, research and data \u2013 health data \u2013 Canadian Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs Survey]. Available from: https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/canadian-tobacco-alcohol-drugs-survey\/2013-summary.html."},{"key":"bibr13-07067437221089810","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.04.017"},{"key":"bibr14-07067437221089810","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2012.01.012"},{"key":"bibr15-07067437221089810","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2016.1222619"},{"key":"bibr16-07067437221089810","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2009.04.018"},{"key":"bibr17-07067437221089810","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-3375-0_4"},{"key":"bibr18-07067437221089810","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2011.06.010"},{"key":"bibr19-07067437221089810","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2014.991058"},{"key":"bibr20-07067437221089810","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.1018"},{"key":"bibr21-07067437221089810","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407520903385"},{"key":"bibr22-07067437221089810","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-019-0982-1"},{"key":"bibr23-07067437221089810","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17269\/cjph.105.4208"},{"key":"bibr24-07067437221089810","unstructured":"U. 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