{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:12:50Z","timestamp":1790885570932,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761868800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001316","name":"Abbott Laboratories","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001316","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Can J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Trials of deep brain stimulation (DBS) to the subcallosal cingulate gyrus (SCG) for treatment-resistant depression (TRD) have yielded mixed results. While open-label studies suggest effectiveness, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have not consistently supported these findings. The study compared the efficacy of active versus sham SCG stimulation for TRD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Participants (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200935) in a major depressive episode and treatment resistance completed a 6-month double blind, crossover RCT, with an 18-month open-label phase. A Balaam design was applied with participants randomized to 1 of 4 stimulation groups over two 3-month phases. The primary outcome was a change in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) score at 6 months, with response defined as \u226550% reduction in HDRS-17 scores.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While all groups showed improvement at 3 and 6 months, no significant differences were found among them. The OFF\u2013OFF group had a numerically lower HDRS-17 score compared to the ON\u2013ON group at the end of the RCT. No unexpected adverse events occurred. During the open-label phase, participants showed sustained reduction in HDRS-17 scores at 12, 18, and 24 months post-implantation, with successive observed-case response rates of 65.7%, 69%, and 73.1%, respectively. Improvements in life functioning were also noted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This trial represents the largest single-centre, sham-controlled study of SCG DBS for TRD in the literature. Although the RCT showed no significant group differences, most participants achieved response during the open-label phase. Safety outcomes aligned with previous trials. Future RCTs should integrate insights from the past decade of DBS for TRD research to optimize outcomes. Key considerations include selecting DBS contact locations that ensure engagement of critical white matter tracts, employing novel and sufficiently long clinical trial designs to account for the non-specific effects of the DBS procedure, as well as incorporating biomarkers to guide DBS programming.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/07067437251369226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T18:24:11Z","timestamp":1761935051000},"page":"266-276","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Deep Brain Stimulation to the Subgenual Cingulate Gyrus for Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Randomized Controlled Trial and 2-Year Long-Term Follow-Up: Stimulation c\u00e9r\u00e9brale profonde du gyrus cingulaire subg\u00e9nual pour traiter la d\u00e9pression r\u00e9sistante au traitement : Essai contr\u00f4l\u00e9 \u00e0 r\u00e9partition al\u00e9atoire et suivi \u00e0 long terme sur deux ans"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6642-6221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Giacobbe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre"},{"name":"Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"University of Toronto"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sakina J.","family":"Rizvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto"},{"name":"Arthur Sommer Rotenberg Suicide &amp; Depression Studies Program, St Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5266-2212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda K.","family":"Ceniti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthur Sommer Rotenberg Suicide &amp; Depression Studies Program, St Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Depression and Suicide Studies, St Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Tomlinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7495-550X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gavin J.B.","family":"Elias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Health Network and University of Toronto"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0995-8226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Germann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Health Network and University of Toronto"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5250-6650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rima","family":"Styra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Health Network"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8257-3694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andres M.","family":"Lozano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Health Network and University of Toronto"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5339-7185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sidney H.","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto"},{"name":"Arthur Sommer Rotenberg Suicide &amp; Depression Studies Program, St Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Depression and Suicide Studies, St Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"University Health Network"},{"name":"Krembil Research Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00395-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.20m13699"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22968"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000678"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.05.034"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9092729"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.10081187"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30371-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.18121427"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.9.3.471"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25975"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab284"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2023.08.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.03.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.59"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-022-01270-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22746"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30415-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1902287116"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.655412"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2528460"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(97)83297-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.23.1.56"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.10.JNS102122"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01866-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004850-199606003-00015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207411.1994.11449283"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","volume-title":"How to score the Revised MOS Short-Form Health Scale (SF-36\u00ae)","author":"Ware JE","year":"1988","unstructured":"Ware JE. How to score the Revised MOS Short-Form Health Scale (SF-36\u00ae). Boston, MA: The Health Institute, New England Medical Center Hospitals; 1988."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8341.1959.tb00467.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.11.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(01)00213-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-5-63"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.133.5.429"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.10111704"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.08.068"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.09.061"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.09.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","unstructured":"Elias GJB Germann J Joel S et al. A large normative connectome for exploring the tractographic correlates of focal brain interventions. Submitted."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab447"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780100612"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adc9970"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2017.09.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcae093"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22641"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049056"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2015.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.0152"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0522-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.25531"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.04.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.12040474"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01397-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26500"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200208070-00006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2024.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-01175-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06541-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S286977"}],"container-title":["The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"fr","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/07067437251369226","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/07067437251369226","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/07067437251369226","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T16:16:09Z","timestamp":1777392969000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/07067437251369226"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/07067437251369226"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/07067437251369226","relation":{},"ISSN":["0706-7437","1497-0015"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0706-7437","type":"print"},{"value":"1497-0015","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]}}}