{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T01:09:52Z","timestamp":1788916192509,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769731200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Can J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n Randomised trials suggest long-acting injectable antipsychotics (LAIs) may outperform oral antipsychotics (OAPs) regarding adherence and relapse prevention in bipolar disorder (BD). We aimed to compare the effectiveness and tolerability of LAIs versus OAPs in observational studies.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n Searching MEDLINE\/Embase\/PsycINFO until March-25-2025, we conducted a systematic review and random-effects meta-analysis (pre-registered protocol:\n https:\/\/osf.io\/gkwrp<\/jats:ext-link>\n ) of observational studies comparing LAIs versus OAPs in people with BD (primary outcome\u2009=\u2009study-defined relapse\/psychiatric hospitalisation).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Seventeen studies (4\u2009=\u2009cohort, 13\u2009=\u2009mirror-image studies; 6186\/3676 participants with BD, respectively, high-quality per Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale Score \u22657\u2009=\u200947.1%) were included. The relative risk (RR) for study-defined relapse\/psychiatric hospitalisation was significantly lower with LAIs versus OAPs in cohort (\n k<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20094, RR\u2009=\u20090.63, 95% confidence interval (CI)\u2009=\u20090.44;0.90,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.026) and mirror-image studies (\n k<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20095, RR\u2009=\u20090.46, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.28;0.77,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.013). LAIs were not significantly superior to OAPs in high-quality cohort studies (\n k<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20093,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.78) but in those adjusted for >5 factors (\n k<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20092, RR\u2009=\u20090.56, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.37;0.84,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.006) nor in high-quality mirror-image studies (\n k<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20092,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.38), but in each second-generation antipsychotic-LAIs study (aripiprazole-LAI:\n k<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20092, risperidone-LAI:\n k<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20091) (\n k<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20093, RR\u2009=\u20090.40, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.20;0.80,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.03). In cohort studies, LAIs and OAPs did not differ regarding psychiatric hospitalisations (\n k<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20093,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.078) but data on discontinuation and mortality risk were lacking\/not meta-analysable. In mirror-image studies, LAIs were associated with significantly lower psychiatric (\n k<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20094, RR\u2009=\u20090.50, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.25;0.99,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.048) and depression-related (\n k<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20092, RR\u2009=\u20090.46, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.24;0.86,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.014), but not mania-related hospitalisation risk (\n k<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20092,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.075). LAIs were associated with fewer psychiatric hospitalisations (\n k<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20097, SMD\u2009=\u2009\u22121.73, 95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u22122.88;\u22120.57,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.011), hospitalisation days (\n k<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20099, SMD\u2009=\u2009\u22121.35, 95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u22122.19;\u22120.52,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.006), mania-related hospitalisations (\n k<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20093, SMD\u2009=\u2009\u22120.87, 95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u22121.19;\u22120.56,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001) and manic episodes (\n k<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20093, SMD\u2009=\u2009\u22121.13, 95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u22122.00;\u22120.26,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.03), but not any mood (\n k<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20094,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.13) or depressive episodes (\n k<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20093,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.14). Tolerability outcomes were missing, and GRADE certainty-of-evidence was\n \u201c<\/jats:italic>\n low\u201d to \u201cvery low\u201d.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Discussion:<\/jats:title>\n LAIs were superior versus OAPs in preventing relapse\/hospitalisation in cohort and mirror-image studies, in the latter particularly for mania-related outcomes. More robust mirror-image and controlled cohort studies are needed to better assess the effectiveness and tolerability of LAI antipsychotics in BD.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Plain Language Summary Title<\/jats:title>\n Effectiveness of Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics versus Oral Antipsychotics in People with Bipolar Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/07067437251412576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T18:00:47Z","timestamp":1769796047000},"page":"420-435","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effectiveness of Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics Versus Oral Antipsychotics in People With Bipolar Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies: Efficacit\u00e9 des antipsychotiques injectables \u00e0 action prolong\u00e9e par rapport aux antipsychotiques oraux chez les personnes atteintes de troubles bipolaires : revue syst\u00e9matique et m\u00e9ta-analyse d'\u00e9tudes observationnelles"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7147-6167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elias","family":"Wagner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Augsburg"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9043-2629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saguna","family":"Katyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ottawa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In Ok","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of 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