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Affecting 5% to 10% of youth and persisting into adulthood in \u223c6%, ADHD is frequently discussed in genetic terms by patients and their families, making it essential for clinicians to understand current genetic evidence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To summarize contemporary genetic findings relevant to ADHD across the lifespan and provide practical guidance for clinicians on assessment, treatment, and psychoeducation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Scope and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This focused narrative review integrates evidence from family and twin studies, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), copy number variants (CNVs), polygenic risk scores (PRS), and Mendelian randomization (MR), as well as pharmacogenetics and studies of gene\u2013environment interplay.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      ADHD is highly heritable (\u223c70%), comparable to other major neuropsychiatric conditions. GWAS reveals that thousands of common variants collectively contribute to risk (i.e., polygenic), though each has a small effect. Rare CNVs are more frequent in ADHD than controls and overlap with CNVs in autism. Genetic findings implicate neurodevelopmental pathways expressed in early brain and frontal cortical circuits. ADHD genetic risk correlates with cognitive traits, risk-taking behaviours, and multiple psychiatric and physical health outcomes. Gene\u2013environment correlations and interactions influence risk and course. Pharmacogenetic evidence supports\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CYP2D6<\/jats:italic>\n                      genotyping for atomoxetine dosing; routine genetic testing for stimulant selection is not justified.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There are no diagnostic genetic tests for ADHD. Assessment should prioritize functional impairment, developmental and family history, and comorbidity. Psychoeducation should emphasize modifiable risks and the interplay of genes and the environment. While genetic insights may eventually refine diagnosis and personalized care, current best practice relies on comprehensive clinical evaluation and multimodal management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Genetic research confirms ADHD's neurodevelopmental basis, continuity across the lifespan, and overlap with other neurodevelopmental conditions of childhood. Clinicians can use these insights for counselling and risk monitoring while avoiding over-reliance on genetic testing outside targeted pharmacogenetic use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/07067437261457230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T08:54:12Z","timestamp":1781600052000},"page":"830-839","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Update on ADHD genetics: A practitioner's perspective: Mise \u00e0 jour sur la g\u00e9n\u00e9tique du TDAH : le point de vue d\u2019un praticien"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2015-4395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Russell","family":"Schachar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hospital for Sick Children"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"The Hospital for Sick Children"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8710-3322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Crosbie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hospital for Sick Children"},{"name":"The Hospital for Sick Children"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2496-4624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul D.","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hospital for Sick Children"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada"},{"name":"The Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Calgary, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8955-6528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christie L.","family":"Burton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hospital for Sick Children"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02228-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2024.2335625"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","article-title":"A review of Canadian diagnosed ADHD prevalence and incidence estimates published in the past decade","volume":"12","author":"Espinet SD","year":"2022","unstructured":"Espinet SD, Graziosi G, Toplak ME, Hesson J, Minhas P. 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