{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T03:04:35Z","timestamp":1777518275901,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1969,12,1]],"date-time":"1969-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":-2678400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1969,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\u2018Hysteria' is a term with confusing uses covering a variety of conditions often with little or no functional relationship. Some salient historical aspects of the term are reviewed. The three listed categories of so-called hysterical reaction are: Dysmnesic and Conversion Reactions and Hysterical Personality. The first is discussed in summary form; the second and third in greater detail.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Dysmnesic reactions such as amnesia, fugue, twilight and trance states and multiple personality are explained on the basis of gross dissociation. Somnambulism, once included here, has now been shown to be associated with gross EEG. changes, and suggests that modern neurophysiological techniques may yet contribute factual data on the nature of presently obscure cerebral events.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conversion reactions still remain explicable only in psychological terms, such as suggested by Freud. Present-day views include a wide range of interpersonal events as causal. The tacit association of conversion symptoms with the hysterical personality is no longer tenable. Such symptoms occur in many diagnostic categories. Organic brain disease may favour a predilection to the formation of conversion symptoms. Pain, as a common conversion phenomenon, should be labelled \u2018psychogenic regional pain\u2019, as suggested by Walters, but never \u2018hysterical\u2019. While conversion may be part of a communication process and often symbolic, it is not necessarily restricted to somatic motor and sensory systems. Certain symptoms, mediated in part or totally by autonomic pathways, may be symbolic or include conversion reactions in their chain of events. The psycho- or physiodynamics of conversion remain obscure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Attempts to hew a syndrome out of the coincidence of multiple conversion symptoms in women with so-called hysterical personalities are unjustified and becloud thinking about the events involved.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The type of personality called \u2018hysterical' or \u2018histrionic' is only related to the dysmnesic or conversion categories by the semantic misdemeanor of confused usage of the word hysteria. It impies a person with childlike egocentricity and affective lability, on which is superimposed the more adult skills of melodrama and coquettishness. The psychodynamics of such personalities is discussed and a comparison made to Harlow's parent-deprived monkeys. The common difficulties in sexual relationships are commented on.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/070674376901400602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,26]],"date-time":"2017-04-26T13:13:52Z","timestamp":1493212432000},"page":"539-551","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Hysteria\u2014Multiple Manifestations of Semantic Confusion"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"R. A.","family":"Cleghorn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal. Allan Memorial Institute, Montreal."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1969,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","volume-title":"Hysteria and Related Mental Disorders.","author":"Abse D. W.","year":"1966","unstructured":"AbseD. W.: Hysteria and Related Mental Disorders. Bristol, Wright,1966."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-194307000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","volume-title":"Personality and Mental Illness.","author":"Bowlby J.","year":"1942","unstructured":"BowlbyJ.: Personality and Mental Illness. New York, Emerson Books, 1942."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","volume-title":"Studies on Hysteria.","author":"Breuer J.","year":"1936","unstructured":"BreuerJ., and FreudS.: Studies on Hysteria. Vol. II, Standard Edition, London, Hogarth Press, 1936."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","volume-title":"Trait\u00e9 clinique et th\u00e9rapeutique de l'hyst\u00e9rie.","author":"Briquet P.","year":"1859","unstructured":"BriquetP.: Trait\u00e9 clinique et th\u00e9rapeutique de l'hyst\u00e9rie. Paris, J. B. Bailli\u00e8re et fils, 1859."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.159.3819.1070"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.114.8.734"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674376400900405"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","volume-title":"Psychological Development in Health and Disease.","author":"Engel G. L.","year":"1962","unstructured":"EngelG. L.: Psychological Development in Health and Disease. Philadelphia, Saunders, 1962."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-440X(68)80007-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000306516701500206"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","first-page":"193","volume-title":"The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis.","author":"Fenichel O.","year":"1945","unstructured":"FenichelO.: The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis. New York, Norton, 1945, pp. 193\u2013215."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","first-page":"899","volume-title":"Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry.","author":"Frazier S. H.","year":"1967","unstructured":"FrazierS. H., and CarrA. C.: Phobic reaction, in Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. FreedmanA. M., and, KaplanH. I. (eds.), Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1967. pp. 899\u2013911."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","first-page":"42","volume-title":"Collected Papers","author":"Freud S.","year":"1950","unstructured":"FreudS.: Some Points in a Comparative Study of Organic and Hysterical Paralyses. Collected Papers Vol. I, London, Hogarth Press, 1950, p. 42."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","first-page":"7","volume-title":"Collected Papers","author":"Freud S.","year":"1950","unstructured":"FreudS.: Fragment of an analysis of a case of hysteria (1905). Collected Papers London, Hogarth Press, 1950, Vol. 7, pp. 7\u2013122."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.124.4.491"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.119.10.960"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1967.01730240106015"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","volume-title":"Electroencephalography.","author":"Hill D.","year":"1963","unstructured":"HillD.: The E.E.G. in Psychiatry, in Electroencephalography. HillD., and, ParrG. (eds.), New York, Macmillan, 1963."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10008-000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1966.01730120026004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1967.01730230070010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","volume-title":"Hysteria, Reflex and Instinct.","author":"Kretschmer E.","year":"1960","unstructured":"KretschmerE.: Hysteria, Reflex and Instinct. New York, Philosophical Library, 1960."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.124.11S.48"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1966.01730120064008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","volume-title":"Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry.","author":"Lehmann H. E.","year":"1967","unstructured":"LehmannH. E.: Psychiatric disorders not in standard nomenclature, in Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. FreedmanA. M., and, KaplanH. I. (eds.), Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1967."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1965.01730030081011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000306515300100404"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_2","first-page":"871","volume-title":"Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry.","author":"Nemiah J.","year":"1967","unstructured":"NemiahJ.: Conversion Reaction, in Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. FreedmanA. M., and, KaplanH. I. (eds.), Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1967, pp. 871\u2013885."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00332747.1951.11022820"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196203012660901"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of Second Annual Conference, R. M. Bucke Memorial Society.","author":"Prince R.","year":"1968","unstructured":"PrinceR.: Trance and Possession States, in Proceedings of Second Annual Conference, R. M. Bucke Memorial Society. Canada, l'Imprimerie Electra, 1968."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.124.5.687"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1951.03670100022006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21674086.1933.11925186"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000306515900700403"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_2","volume-title":"A Short Textbook of Psychiatry.","author":"Rees W. L.","year":"1967","unstructured":"ReesW. L.: A Short Textbook of Psychiatry. London, English Universities Press, 1967."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_2","volume-title":"Character Analysis.","author":"Reich W.","year":"1949","unstructured":"ReichW.: Character Analysis. New York, Orgone Institute Press, 1949."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_2","volume-title":"Madness in Society.","author":"Rosen G.","year":"1968","unstructured":"RosenG.: Madness in Society. London, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., 1968."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_2","first-page":"895","volume-title":"American Handbook of Psychiatry.","author":"Ruesch J.","year":"1959","unstructured":"RueschJ.: General theory of communication in psychiatry, in American Handbook of Psychiatry. Vol. 1, ArietiS. (ed.), New York, Basic Books Inc., 1959, pp. 895\u2013908."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_2","volume-title":"Lectures on Hysteria and Allied Vasomotor Conditions","author":"Savill T. D.","year":"1909","unstructured":"SavillT. D.: Lectures on Hysteria and Allied Vasomotor Conditions, London, Glaisher, 1909."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.107.448.359"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5447.1395"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-196204000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_2","volume-title":"Hypochondriacal Hostile Hysteria.","author":"Szyrynski V.","year":"1965","unstructured":"SzyrynskiV.: Hypochondriacal Hostile Hysteria. New York, Psychiatric Progress, 1965."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_2","volume-title":"Hysteria, the History of a Disease.","author":"Veith I.","year":"1965","unstructured":"VeithI.: Hysteria, the History of a Disease. Chicago and London, Univ. of Chicago Press, 1965."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/84.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_2","first-page":"885","volume-title":"Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry.","author":"West L. J.","year":"1967","unstructured":"WestL. J.: Dissociative Reaction, in Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. FreedmanA. M., and, KaplanH. I. (eds.). Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1967, pp. 885\u2013899."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1967.tb11023.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_2","first-page":"224","article-title":"A methodological approach to the problem of hysteria.","volume":"42","author":"Wisdom J. O.","year":"1961","unstructured":"WisdomJ. O.: A methodological approach to the problem of hysteria. Internat. J. Psychoanal. 42, 224\u2013231, 1961.","journal-title":"Internat. J. Psychoanal."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_2","first-page":"186","article-title":"The hysterical character.","volume":"36","author":"Wittels F.","year":"1930","unstructured":"WittelsF.: The hysterical character. Med. Rev. of Reviews. 36, 186\u2013190, 1930.","journal-title":"Med. Rev. of Reviews."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1962.01710220021003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.116.10.901"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1963.03710040033006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_2","volume-title":"A History of Medical Psychology.","author":"Zilboorg G.","year":"1941","unstructured":"ZilboorgG., and HenryG. W.: A History of Medical Psychology. New York, Norton, 1941."}],"container-title":["Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/070674376901400602","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/070674376901400602","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T16:05:04Z","timestamp":1777392304000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/070674376901400602"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1969,12]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1969,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/070674376901400602"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/070674376901400602","relation":{},"ISSN":["0008-4824"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0008-4824","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1969,12]]}}}