{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T03:39:01Z","timestamp":1777520341895,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1994,12,1]],"date-time":"1994-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":786240000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Can J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Distinguishing parasitic diseases from other infections and tropical medical disorders based on microbiological classification is a matter of convenience. Organic brain syndromes are associated with both protozoan and helminthic infections; side-effects of drugs commonly used to treat parasitoses may impair mood and cause anxiety, agitation or psychosis. Emotional states may in turn affect the experience of medical illness. Psychiatrically significant features of medical illness are determined both by pathophysiology and by the personal and social context in which they occur. Many factors affect mental health in the tropics where the synergy of infection, emotional strengths, vulnerabilities, social supports and stressors is critical. This review discusses parasitic diseases of psychiatric interest by virtue of their effects on thinking, mood and behaviour; and it distinguishes issues that apply mainly to indigenous populations and visitors to endemic areas. In some paradoxical instances the psychiatric influence of parasitic diseases does not require infection; the review concludes by considering the prime example, delusions of parasitosis, which is a primary psychiatric disorder.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/070674379403901007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,26]],"date-time":"2017-04-26T03:56:21Z","timestamp":1493178981000},"page":"623-628","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Parasitic Diseases and Psychiatric Illness\n                    <sup>*<\/sup>"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Mitchell G.","family":"Weiss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Culture, Community, and Health Studies, University of Toronto, Department of Psychiatry, The Toronto Hospital, Toronto, Ontario."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1994,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5799.548"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.151.4.440"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(88)90250-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(18)31233-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","first-page":"6869","article-title":"Psychiatry in a division.","volume":"84","author":"Williams A.H.","year":"1945","unstructured":"WilliamsA.H. Psychiatry in a division. J Roy Army Med Corps 1945; 84: 6869.","journal-title":"J Roy Army Med Corps"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","first-page":"69","article-title":"A note on psychiatry in Indian troops.","volume":"84","author":"Matas J.","year":"1945","unstructured":"MatasJ. A note on psychiatry in Indian troops. J Roy Army Med Corps 1945; 84: 69.","journal-title":"J Roy Army Med Corps"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","first-page":"1139","article-title":"Psychosocial impact of common parasitic diseases.","volume":"14","author":"Jones J.E.","year":"1982","unstructured":"JonesJ.E. Psychosocial impact of common parasitic diseases. J Family Practice 1982; 14: 1139\u20131143.","journal-title":"J Family Practice"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00117368"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","volume-title":"Malarial psychoses and neuroses: with chapters medicolegal, and on history, race degeneration, alcohol, and surgery in relation to malaria.","author":"Anderson W.K.","year":"1927","unstructured":"AndersonW.K. Malarial psychoses and neuroses: with chapters medicolegal, and on history, race degeneration, alcohol, and surgery in relation to malaria. London: Oxford University Press, 1927."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-193606000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","first-page":"143","volume-title":"Handbook of clinical neurology, vol. 35. Infections of the nervous system, part III.","author":"Vietze G.","year":"1978","unstructured":"VietzeG. Malaria and other protozoal diseases. In: VinckenP.J., BruynG.W., eds. Handbook of clinical neurology, vol. 35. Infections of the nervous system, part III. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1978: 143\u2013160."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","first-page":"292","article-title":"Parasites which migrate to the brain.","volume":"1","author":"Bell D.R.","year":"1976","unstructured":"BellD.R., ReidH.A., StephensA.J.H. Parasites which migrate to the brain. Lancet 1976; 1: 292.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","first-page":"207","article-title":"Physical illness and psychiatric disorders in Tigani El-Mahi psychiatric hospital (Sudan).","volume":"54","author":"Nadeem A.A.","year":"1977","unstructured":"NadeemA.A., YounisY.O. Physical illness and psychiatric disorders in Tigani El-Mahi psychiatric hospital (Sudan). East African Med J 1977; 54: 207\u2013210.","journal-title":"East African Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-193606000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","first-page":"8","article-title":"Involvement of the nervous system in malaria in Thailand.","volume":"19","author":"Chipman M.","year":"1967","unstructured":"ChipmanM., CadiganF.G.Jr, BenjapongseW. Involvement of the nervous system in malaria in Thailand. Trop Geogr Med 1967; 19: 8\u201314.","journal-title":"Trop Geogr Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","first-page":"29","article-title":"Cerebral malaria.","volume":"12","author":"Marsden P.D.","year":"1975","unstructured":"MarsdenP.D., Bruce-ChwattL.J. Cerebral malaria. Contemporary neurology series: topics on tropical neurology 1975; 12: 29\u201344.","journal-title":"Contemporary neurology series: topics on tropical neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","first-page":"155","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric manifestations of falciparum malaria.","volume":"78","author":"Gopinathan V.P.","year":"1982","unstructured":"GopinathanV.P., ThampiU.R., GangulyS.B. Neuropsychiatric manifestations of falciparum malaria. J Indian Med Ass 1982; 78: 155\u2013157.","journal-title":"J Indian Med Ass"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-197305000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/S000712500017905X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1989.00390010152021"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199006143222416"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)90474-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","volume-title":"The African trypanosomiases.","author":"Mulligan H.W.","year":"1970","unstructured":"MulliganH.W., ed. The African trypanosomiases. New York: Wiley Interscience, 1970."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-84-02-05","article-title":"Psychiatry amongst West African troops.","volume":"84","author":"Dembowitz N.","year":"1945","unstructured":"DembowitzN. Psychiatry amongst West African troops. J Roy Army Med Corps 1945; 84: 70\u201374.","journal-title":"J Roy Army Med Corps"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","volume-title":"Studies in mental illness on the Gold Coast. Colonial Research Publications, N. 6.","author":"Tooth G.","year":"1950","unstructured":"ToothG. Studies in mental illness on the Gold Coast. Colonial Research Publications, N. 6. London: HMSO, 1950."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003591577006301244"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(70)90125-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3182(90)72184-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.50.9.1244"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_2","first-page":"616","article-title":"Depression with amebiasis and giardiasis.","volume":"15","author":"Parrish L.","year":"1982","unstructured":"ParrishL., BuenoH. Depression with amebiasis and giardiasis. J Fam Pract 1982; 15: 616.","journal-title":"J Fam Pract"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_2","first-page":"326","article-title":"Clinical amoebiasis syndrome and case reports of a few unusual cases of amoebiasis.","volume":"24","author":"Kasliwal R.M.","year":"1973","unstructured":"KasliwalR.M. Clinical amoebiasis syndrome and case reports of a few unusual cases of amoebiasis. Am J Proctology 1973; 24: 326\u2013336.","journal-title":"Am J Proctology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.4.5941.407-e"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/155005948801900103"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1950.s1-30.895"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002076408903500405"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.47.8.784"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1948.02300390014002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3182(88)72429-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_2","first-page":"773","article-title":"Case Records of the Massachusetts General Hospital: Case 40\u20131977.","volume":"297","author":"Scully R.E.","year":"1977","unstructured":"ScullyR.E., GaldabiniJ.J., McNeelyB.U., eds. Case Records of the Massachusetts General Hospital: Case 40\u20131977. N Eng J Med 1977; 297: 773\u2013780.","journal-title":"N Eng J Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-62-04-01","article-title":"Cysticercosis as seen in the British army, with special reference to the production of epilepsy.","volume":"62","author":"MacArthur U.P.","year":"1934","unstructured":"MacArthurU.P. Cysticercosis as seen in the British army, with special reference to the production of epilepsy. J Roy Army Med Corps 1934; 62: 241\u2013259.","journal-title":"J Roy Army Med Corps"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_2","volume-title":"Cysticercosis: an analysis and follow-up of 450 cases. Privy Council: Medical Research Council Special Report Series No. 299.","author":"Dixon H.B.F.","year":"1961","unstructured":"DixonH.B.F., LipscombF.M. Cysticercosis: an analysis and follow-up of 450 cases. Privy Council: Medical Research Council Special Report Series No. 299. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1961."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(86)90323-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_2","first-page":"912","article-title":"Human trichinosis: report of four cases, with emphasis on central nervous system involvement, and a survey of 500 consecutive autopsies at the Ottawa Civic Hospital.","volume":"95","author":"Barr R.","year":"1966","unstructured":"BarrR. Human trichinosis: report of four cases, with emphasis on central nervous system involvement, and a survey of 500 consecutive autopsies at the Ottawa Civic Hospital. Can Med Assoc J 1966; 95: 912\u2013917.","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_2","first-page":"133","volume-title":"Topics on Tropical Neurology.","author":"Jindrak K.","year":"1975","unstructured":"JindrakK. Angiostrongyliasis cantonensis (eosinophilic meningitis, Alicata's Disease). In: HornabrookR.W., ed. Topics on Tropical Neurology. Philadelphia: FA Davis Company, 1975: 133\u2013164."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1962.03050080032007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1986.35.531"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1963.12.40"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_2","first-page":"340","article-title":"Strongyloidiasis presenting as depression: A case report.","volume":"43","author":"Haggerty J.J.","year":"1982","unstructured":"HaggertyJ.J., SandlerR.Jr. Strongyloidiasis presenting as depression: A case report. J Clin Psychiatry 1982; 43: 340\u2013341.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1978.01640180074018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_2","first-page":"261","article-title":"The matchbox sign [Editorial].","volume":"2","author":"Anonymous.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Anonymous. The matchbox sign [Editorial]. Lancet 1983; 2(8344): 261.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.150.5.713b"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.150.2.261"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_2","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association.","year":"1994","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1994."}],"container-title":["The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/070674379403901007","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/070674379403901007","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T16:11:15Z","timestamp":1777392675000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/070674379403901007"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1994,12]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/070674379403901007"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/070674379403901007","relation":{},"ISSN":["0706-7437","1497-0015"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0706-7437","type":"print"},{"value":"1497-0015","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1994,12]]}}}