{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T03:43:20Z","timestamp":1777520600393,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1996,9,1]],"date-time":"1996-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":841536000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Can J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Certain medications used in cardiovascular therapeutics may contribute to the etiology of substance-induced mood disorders. These medications include digoxin, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors<\/jats:italic>\n                      , \u03b2-\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">blockers, and calcium channel blockers. The objective of this study was to evaluate associations between these drugs and clinical diagnoses of depressive disorders in a population of hospitalized patients<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Two case\u2013control studies were conducted. For each study, subjects were selected from a health records data base maintained at the Calgary General Hospital. Selection of subjects in the first study was restricted to those receiving a discharge diagnosis of congestive heart failure and in the second study to subjects receiving a discharge diagnosis of hypertension. In each of these 2 studies, a single case group was selected along with 2 control groups: a psychiatric control group consisting of subjects receiving a psychiatric diagnosis other than a depressive disorder and a nonpsychiatric control group receiving no psychiatric diagnoses. Drug exposures and other variables were recorded from a chart review<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Exposures to digoxin<\/jats:italic>\n                      , \u03b2-\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">blockers, and calcium channel blockers were not associated with depressive diagnoses. An association was observed, however, for ACE inhibitors. An elevated odds ratio (OR) was observed in each case-control study and was stronger infernale subjects and subjects over the age of 65<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">This is the first reported epidemiological evidence of an association between ACE inhibitors and depressive disorders. The design of this study does not permit a determination of whether the observed association was causal. Additional studies are needed<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/070674379604100713","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,13]],"date-time":"2017-01-13T19:58:46Z","timestamp":1484337526000},"page":"469-476","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Case\u2014Control Studies of Cardiovascular Medications as Risk Factors for Clinically Diagnosed Depressive Disorders in a Hospitalized Population"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Scott B","family":"Patten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Investigator, Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research; Assistant Professor, Departments of Community Health Sciences and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeanne VA","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Assistant, Department of Psychiatry, Calgary General Hospital, Calgary, Alberta"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edgar J","family":"Love","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1996,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","first-page":"70","article-title":"Chronic illness and depressive symptoms in the elderly: A population-based study","volume":"3","author":"Palinkas LA","year":"1990","unstructured":"Palinkas LA, Wingard DL, Barret-Connor E. 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