{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T12:08:55Z","timestamp":1784203735317,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4-6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]],"date-time":"2024-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727913600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sociological Perspectives"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study contributes to research exploring social factors shaping gender identification. Informed by structural symbolic interactionism, social identity theory, and Levitt\u2019s psychosocial theory of gender, we explore how a key aspect of external social structure\u2014adolescent family socioeconomic status\u2014is associated with gender identification in emerging adulthood. We examine whether correlates of family socioeconomic status, including adolescent family and educational experiences and friend and high school characteristics, are associated with a cisgender, binary transgender, nonbinary, or gender unsure identification. Using data from High School Longitudinal Study of 2009 (HSLS:09), we find a positive association between adolescent family socioeconomic status and a nonbinary gender identification. Analyses indicate that educational and family experiences account for the largest percentage of the association between adolescent family socioeconomic status and nonbinary gender identification, potentially representing higher SES youths\u2019 heightened access to middle- and upper-class cultural schemas and resources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/07311214241283128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]],"date-time":"2024-10-03T04:38:22Z","timestamp":1727930302000},"page":"314-337","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Family Socioeconomic Status in Adolescence and Gender Identification in Emerging Adulthood"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6155-9826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lindsey","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dara","family":"Shifrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Pearson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-07311214241283128","volume-title":"The Long Shadow: Family Background, Disadvantaged Urban Youth, and the Transition to Adulthood","author":"Alexander K.","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr2-07311214241283128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15102133"},{"key":"bibr3-07311214241283128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10888691.2018.1510778"},{"key":"bibr4-07311214241283128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/socf.12517"},{"key":"bibr5-07311214241283128","volume-title":"The Lives of Transgender People","author":"Beemyn G.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr6-07311214241283128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19359705.2016.1277173"},{"key":"bibr7-07311214241283128","unstructured":"Brown A. 2022, June 7. \u201cAbout 5% of Young Adults in the U.S. Say Their Gender Is Different from Their Sex Assigned at Birth.\u201d Retrieved September 17, 2024 (https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/short-reads\/2022\/06\/07\/about-5-of-young-adults-in-the-u-s-say-their-gender-is-different-from-their-sex-assigned-at-birth\/)."},{"key":"bibr8-07311214241283128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-7988-9_25"},{"key":"bibr9-07311214241283128","volume-title":"Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity","author":"Butler J.","year":"1990"},{"key":"bibr10-07311214241283128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003804070808100101"},{"key":"bibr11-07311214241283128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10796126.2019.1616165"},{"key":"bibr12-07311214241283128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0038040709356565"},{"key":"bibr13-07311214241283128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-83617-7"},{"key":"bibr14-07311214241283128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-070308-115920"},{"key":"bibr15-07311214241283128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.01.028"},{"key":"bibr16-07311214241283128","volume-title":"Internet, Mail, and Mixed-mode Surveys: The Tailored Design Method","author":"Dillman D.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr17-07311214241283128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.04.045"},{"key":"bibr18-07311214241283128","volume-title":"High School Longitudinal Study of 2009 (HSLS:09) Base-year to Second Follow-up Data File Documentation (NCES 2018-140)","author":"Duprey M. 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