{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T02:36:18Z","timestamp":1777862178181,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,22]],"date-time":"2015-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1437523200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper deals with durability of glass fiber-reinforced polymer composites under sustained loads and simultaneously exposed to either saltwater or tap water. The tensile properties of the specimens before and after conditioning were evaluated along with their moisture uptaking behavior to reveal the durability of the specimens under combined effects. The mass change curves under saltwater and tap water immersion exhibited dual-stage diffusion process. The first stage followed Fickian profile, while mass loss occurred in the second stage with increasing immersion time, attributed to hydrolysis of resin. The weight gain in saltwater was greater than that in tap water. Moreover, the mass change curves under varying percentage of sustained loadings exhibited similar trends, while the maximum moisture uptake was obviously affected by the loading conditions. Based on Fick\u2019s second law, the diffusion coefficients in the first stage under different conditions were determined through the least-square regression technique. It was observed that the tensile strength and modulus were increasing initially upon immersion, which was attributed to curing beyond the initial cure during manufacture. Then, the tensile properties decreased with continued immersion in saltwater or tap water. After 180 days of immersion, the tensile properties degraded at a smaller rate, both for specimens with and without sustained loading. For the saltwater immersion of 360 days, the tensile properties decreased significantly as the sustained loading increased. However, the tap water immersion had less detrimental effect on tensile properties of glass fiber-reinforced polymer. Furthermore, based on Arrhenius concept coupled with fracture mechanics principle, a new model was proposed to describe the combined effects of immersion and sustained load.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0731684415596846","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,23]],"date-time":"2015-07-23T20:19:10Z","timestamp":1437682750000},"page":"1739-1754","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Durability of glass fiber-reinforced polymer composites under the combined effects of moisture and sustained loads"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Jun","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, People\u2019s Republic of China"},{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hota","family":"GangaRao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruifeng","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ding","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, People\u2019s Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weiqing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, People\u2019s Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, People\u2019s Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0731684415596846","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1090-0268(2003)7:4(348)"},{"key":"bibr2-0731684415596846","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2011.12.018"},{"key":"bibr3-0731684415596846","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2012.01.017"},{"key":"bibr4-0731684415596846","first-page":"410","volume-title":"Developments in fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for civil engineering","author":"Liang R","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr5-0731684415596846","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1090-0268(2003)7:3(238)"},{"key":"bibr6-0731684415596846","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000161"},{"key":"bibr7-0731684415596846","unstructured":"Shi J, Zhu H, Wu Z, et\u00a0al. Durability of wet lay-up FRP composites and their epoxy reins in alkaline environment. In:\n                      4th International symposium on innovation & sustainability of structures in civil engineering (ISISS 2011)\n                      , Xiamen, China, 28\u201330 October 2011, pp. 1129\u20131135."},{"key":"bibr8-0731684415596846","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000951"},{"key":"bibr9-0731684415596846","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2013.06.077"},{"key":"bibr10-0731684415596846","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15732480600674060"},{"key":"bibr11-0731684415596846","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2012.01.004"},{"key":"bibr12-0731684415596846","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018591619404"},{"key":"bibr13-0731684415596846","first-page":"3","volume":"30","author":"Liao K","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Adv Mater Covina"},{"key":"bibr14-0731684415596846","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0731684407082952"},{"key":"bibr15-0731684415596846","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0021998312436992"},{"key":"bibr16-0731684415596846","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0021998308098152"},{"key":"bibr17-0731684415596846","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2014.05.022"},{"key":"bibr18-0731684415596846","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2013.11.002"},{"key":"bibr19-0731684415596846","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10443-010-9143-1"},{"key":"bibr20-0731684415596846","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000467"},{"key":"bibr21-0731684415596846","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.20055"},{"key":"bibr22-0731684415596846","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2012.08.021"},{"key":"bibr23-0731684415596846","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/app.27287"},{"key":"bibr24-0731684415596846","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1090-0268(2002)6:4(280)"},{"key":"bibr25-0731684415596846","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2009.01.011"},{"key":"bibr26-0731684415596846","unstructured":"Vijay PV.\n                      Aging and design of concrete members reinforced with GFRP bars\n                      . PhD Thesis, West Virginia University, USA, 1999."},{"key":"bibr27-0731684415596846","unstructured":"Belarbi A, Myers JJ, Chandrashekhara K, et\u00a0al. Structural integrity of RC columns wrapped with FRP sheet subjected to various environmental conditions including corrosion. Report, University of Missouri, Rolla, USA, 2004."},{"key":"bibr28-0731684415596846","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi JW, Zhu H, Dai JG, et\u00a0al. Effect of rubber toughening modification on the tensile behavior of FRP composites in concrete-based alkaline environment.\n                      J Mater Civil Eng\n                      , http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001331 (2015, accessed 7 July 2015).","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001331"},{"key":"bibr29-0731684415596846","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2013.10.042"},{"key":"bibr30-0731684415596846","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2005.05.039"},{"key":"bibr31-0731684415596846","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1090-0268(2006)10:5(370)"},{"key":"bibr32-0731684415596846","unstructured":"Ajjarapu SR, Faza SS and GangaRao HVS.\n                      Strength and stiffness degradation of glass reinforced polyester and vinylester structural plates\n                      . Naval Engineering Command, Department of Navy. Report no. CFC 95-206, October 1994."},{"key":"bibr33-0731684415596846","unstructured":"Miller B.\n                      Synergistic effect of mechanical loading and environmental conditions on the degradation of pultruded glass fiber-reinforced polymers (GFRP)\n                      . MS Thesis, North Carolina State University, USA, 2014."},{"key":"bibr34-0731684415596846","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-5093(01)01170-4"},{"key":"bibr35-0731684415596846","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0731684407081769"},{"key":"bibr36-0731684415596846","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.750020310"},{"key":"bibr37-0731684415596846","unstructured":"ASTM D570. Standard test method for water absorption of plastics, 2010."},{"key":"bibr38-0731684415596846","unstructured":"ASTM D638. Standard test method for tensile properties of plastics, 2010."},{"key":"bibr39-0731684415596846","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-835X(99)00037-8"},{"key":"bibr40-0731684415596846","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2003.10.019"},{"key":"bibr41-0731684415596846","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00355858"},{"key":"bibr42-0731684415596846","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1243\/03093247V244223"},{"key":"bibr43-0731684415596846","unstructured":"Kouadio KS.\n                      Durability of fiberglass composite sheet piles in water\n                      . MS Thesis, McGill University, Canada, 2001."},{"key":"bibr44-0731684415596846","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2005.09.022"},{"key":"bibr45-0731684415596846","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000132"},{"key":"bibr46-0731684415596846","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2013.04.074"},{"key":"bibr47-0731684415596846","first-page":"1397","volume":"230","author":"Helbling C","year":"2005","journal-title":"ACI Special Publication"},{"key":"bibr48-0731684415596846","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002199837601000101"},{"key":"bibr49-0731684415596846","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-3538(87)90050-9"},{"key":"bibr50-0731684415596846","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.1967.tb15145.x"},{"key":"bibr51-0731684415596846","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.1976.tb09506.x"},{"key":"bibr52-0731684415596846","unstructured":"Bagonluri-Nuuri DFM.\n                      Simulation of fatigue performane & creep rupture of glass-reinforced polymeric composites for infrastructure applications\n                      . MS Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USA, 1998."}],"container-title":["Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0731684415596846","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0731684415596846","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0731684415596846","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T05:08:19Z","timestamp":1777525699000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0731684415596846"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,22]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0731684415596846"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0731684415596846","relation":{},"ISSN":["0731-6844","1530-7964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0731-6844","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-7964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,22]]}}}