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This study investigated whether social participation bidirectionally mediates the association between functional limitations and cognitive decline. We analyzed a sample of 16,385 middle-aged and older adults (aged over 50\u00a0years) using longitudinal data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS; Waves 1\u20134). We utilized a cross-lagged panel model to examine the bidirectional mediation of social participation between functional limitations and cognitive functioning over a span of eight years. 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