{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T13:43:33Z","timestamp":1779371013778,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,2]],"date-time":"2024-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Appl Gerontol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the association between living arrangements and housing hardship among older adults across 21 high-income countries. Using data from the Gallup World Poll (2016\u20132020) and OECD databases, we employ multilevel regression models that can assess how individual- and country-level factors, including public spending on pensions and housing policies such as social housing stock and rent control, moderate these associations. Older adults living alone experience significantly higher rates of housing hardship compared to their counterparts, even after adjusting for demographic and economic factors. Public spending on old age pensions attenuates housing hardship for older adults living alone. While public spending on housing shows limited effectiveness, social housing availability and rent control emerge as protective measures, reducing housing hardship among older adults living alone by providing stable and affordable housing options. This study emphasizes the need for targeted interventions to support independent living.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/07334648241296913","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,2]],"date-time":"2024-11-02T11:09:47Z","timestamp":1730545787000},"page":"1022-1029","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Housing Hardship Among Older Adults Living Alone: The Protective Roles of Aging and Housing Policies"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0696-9421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gum-Ryeong","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Health, Aging &amp; Society, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afab155"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0042098019895227"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/spol.12444"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.14174"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13607860600641150"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Denary W. Fenelon A. Schlesinger P. Purtle J. Blankenship K. M. Keene D. E. (2021). Does rental assistance improve mental health? Insights from a longitudinal cohort study. Social Science & Medicine 282 Article 114100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114100"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20181289"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/spol.12683"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14616710701817141"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10834-022-09838-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0164027511428455"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","article-title":"The effect of social pension on consumption among older adults in Korea","volume":"100364","author":"Kang J. Y.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kang J. Y., Park S., Ahn S. (2022). The effect of social pension on consumption among older adults in Korea. The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, 22, Article, 100364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jeoa.2021.100364","journal-title":"The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, 22, Article"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011526416064"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kholodilin K. A. (2024). Rent control effects through the lens of empirical research: An almost complete review of the literature. Journal of Housing Economics 63 Article 101983. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhe.2024.101983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhe.2024.101983"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","first-page":"684","article-title":"Decomposition analyses of the trend in poverty among older adults: The case of South Korea","volume":"75","author":"Ku I.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ku I., Kim C.-O. (2018). Decomposition analyses of the trend in poverty among older adults: The case of South Korea. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 75(3), 684\u2013693. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geronb\/gby047","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology: Series B"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijsw.12321"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0047279421000544"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S002966511800006X"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","volume-title":"Housing research report","author":"Makdissi P.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Makdissi P., Sopchokchai D. (2019). Socio-economic inequalities in housing issues: Measurement and beyond. In Housing research report. Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Narushima M. Kawabata M. (2020). \u201cFiercely independent\u201d: Experiences of aging in the right place of older women living alone with physical limitations. Journal of Aging Studies 54 Article 100875. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaging.2020.100875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaging.2020.100875"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1787\/5b54f96b-en"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park G.-R. (2024). Housing cost burden and external causes of mortality: Variations across housing regimes in high-income countries 2010\u20132020. Social Science & Medicine 345 Article 116672. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.116672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.116672"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02673030701387572"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaging.2013.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/9780230280441_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbp039"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0959259800104101"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnr098"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.1992492"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Gerontology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/07334648241296913","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/07334648241296913","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/07334648241296913","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T19:32:56Z","timestamp":1777491176000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/07334648241296913"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,2]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/07334648241296913"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/07334648241296913","relation":{},"ISSN":["0733-4648","1552-4523"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0733-4648","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-4523","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,2]]}}}