{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T20:45:44Z","timestamp":1785703544088,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Appl Gerontol"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This research aimed to explore associations between social relationships and annual cognitive decline in older adults globally.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Harmonized data from 4 longitudinal aging cohorts across the U.S., Mexico, England, and China were included. Participants (aged \u226555) with social relationship data and repeated cognitive assessments were analyzed, excluding dementia cases. Linear mixed models assessed associations between social relationship markers and annual rate of cognitive decline, with effects pooled via two-stage random-effects meta-analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 29,805 participants, living with others was associated with slower decline in episodic memory (b = 0.086, 95%CI: 0.013 to 0.158) and global cognition (b = 0.025, 95%CI: 0.013 to 0.038). Felt loneliness was associated with faster decline in episodic memory (b = \u22120.087, 95%CI: \u22120.140 to \u22120.034) and global cognition (b = \u22120.023, 95%CI: \u22120.040 to \u22120.006).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Good social relationships were associated with slower cognitive decline, while poor social relationships with faster decline.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/07334648261470866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T01:41:13Z","timestamp":1785375673000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Global Perspectives on Social Relationships and Cognitive Decline in Older Adults: Insights From Cohort Studies in the U.S., Mexico, England, and China"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5773-1352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University"},{"name":"Tsinghua University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4017-031X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yujie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leiyu","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuozhao","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"You","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1469-0375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University"},{"name":"Tsinghua University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.98.2.310"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.11.034"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-053936"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_5_5_1","first-page":"e220011","article-title":"Affective neuroscience of loneliness: Potential mechanisms underlying the association between perceived social isolation, health, and well-being","volume":"7","author":"Finley A. J.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Finley A. J., Schaefer S. M. (2022). Affective neuroscience of loneliness: Potential mechanisms underlying the association between perceived social isolation, health, and well-being. Journal of Psychiatry and Brain Science, 7(6), Article e220011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20900\/jpbs.20220011","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatry and Brain Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_1","volume-title":"Harmonized data","author":"Gateway to Global Aging Data","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gateway to Global Aging Data. (2025a). Harmonized data. https:\/\/g2aging.org\/hrd\/overview"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_1","volume-title":"Variable concordance","author":"Gateway to Global Aging Data","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gateway to Global Aging Data. (2025b). Variable concordance. https:\/\/g2aging.org\/vac\/home"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2023.4929"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_5_9_1","first-page":"191","article-title":"A proactive phone intervention for older adults to address loneliness identified by a health plan","volume":"1540","author":"Hough K. A.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hough K. A., Tha S. H., Perissinotto C. M., Burnes P., Kotwal A. A. (2024). A proactive phone intervention for older adults to address loneliness identified by a health plan. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1540(1), 191\u2013199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nyas.15223","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbaa025"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu S. Ge J. Fang M. Yang J. (2024). Role of intergenerational connections in cognitive aging: Evidence from a Chinese longitudinal study. Frontiers in Public Health 12 Article 1396620. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1396620","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1396620"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182211963"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.14201"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12963-025-00364-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kyr\u00f6l\u00e4inen A. J. Kuperman V. (2021). The effect of loneliness on cognitive functioning among healthy individuals in Mid- and late-adulthood: Evidence from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA). Frontiers in Psychology 12 Article 701305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.701305","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.701305"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.13432"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0164027520939250"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2022.2151635"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-022-02261-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.2024.050794"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/geriatrics5040084"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0001401","article-title":"Mortality risk of loneliness: Culture matters","volume":"43","author":"Park J.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Park J., Zhu Y. (2024). Mortality risk of loneliness: Culture matters. Health Psychology: Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association, 43(11), 791\u2013802. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/hea0001401","journal-title":"Health Psychology: Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014662167700100306"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren Y. Savadlou A. Park S. Siska P. Epp J. R. Sargin D. (2023). The impact of loneliness and social isolation on the development of cognitive decline and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 69 Article 101061. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yfrne.2023.101061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2023.101061"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000200039"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(22)00199-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2023.2220304"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.20213"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-023-08517-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/07334648221148953"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu067"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(24)00061-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys168"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-567"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_36_1","volume-title":"Aging","author":"United Nations","year":"2025","unstructured":"United Nations. (2025). Aging. https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/global-issues\/ageing"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnss.2023.06.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18084289"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-073739"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-018-0740-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12901"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu263"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_43_1","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2025","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2025). Dementia. https:\/\/www.who.int\/en\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/dementia","journal-title":"Dementia"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-024-05612-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys203"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0324130"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Gerontology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/07334648261470866","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/07334648261470866","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/07334648261470866","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T19:46:58Z","timestamp":1785700018000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/07334648261470866"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/07334648261470866"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/07334648261470866","relation":{},"ISSN":["0733-4648","1552-4523"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0733-4648","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-4523","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"article-number":"07334648261470866"}}