{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T18:22:39Z","timestamp":1793125359505,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,1]],"date-time":"2008-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1201824000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Waste Manag Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In order to carry out life-cycle assessments as a basis for far-reaching decisions about environmentally sustainable waste treatment, it is important that the input data be reliable and sound. A comparison of the potential greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with each solid waste treatment option is essential. This paper addresses GHG emissions from controlled composting processes. Some important methodological prerequisites for proper measurement and data interpretation are described, and a common scale and dimension of emission data are proposed so that data from different studies can be compared. A range of emission factors associated with home composting, open windrow composting, encapsulated composting systems with waste air treatment and mechanical biological waste treatment (MBT) are presented from our own investigations as well as from the literature. The composition of source materials along with process management issues such as aeration, mechanical agitation, moisture control and temperature regime are the most important factors controlling methane (CH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), nitrous oxide (N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O) and ammoniac (NH\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) emissions. If ammoniac is not stripped during the initial rotting phase or eliminated by acid scrubber systems, biofiltration of waste air provides only limited GHG mitigation, since additional N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O may be synthesized during the oxidation of NH\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and only a small amount of CH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    degradation occurs in the biofilter. It is estimated that composting contributes very little to national GHG inventories generating only 0.01\u20140.06% of global emissions. This analysis does not include emissions from preceding or post-treatment activities (such as collection, transport, energy consumption during processing and land spreading), so that for a full emissions account, emissions from these activities would need to be added to an analysis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0734242x07088432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,25]],"date-time":"2008-02-25T04:28:30Z","timestamp":1203913710000},"page":"47-60","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":245,"title":["Green house gas emissions from composting and mechanical biological treatment"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Florian","family":"Amlinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Compost - Consulting & Development, Perchtoldsdorf, Austria,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Peyr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Compost - Consulting & Development, Perchtoldsdorf, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carsten","family":"Cuhls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gewitra, Ingenieurgesellschaft f\u00fcr Wissenstransfer mbH, Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"Environmental impacts of backyard composting \u2014 Greenhouse gas emissions, liquid emissions, mass balance, hygienisation potential. Forschungsprojekt im Auftrag von N\u00d6 LReg., O\u00d6 LReg., Tiroler LReg., Stm. LReg., Wiener LReg., Szb. LReg., BMLFUW","author":"Amlinger, F.","year":"2002"},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"Environmental impacts of decentralized windrow composting \u2014 Greenhouse gas emissions, liquid emissions, mass balance, hygienisation potential. Forschungsprojekt im Auftrag von N\u00d6 LReg., O\u00d6 LReg., Tiroler LReg., Stm. LReg., Wiener LReg., Szb. LReg., BMLFUW","author":"Amlinger, F.","year":"2003"},{"key":"atypb3","volume-title":"Biowaste Conference","author":"Amlinger, F."},{"key":"atypb4","volume-title":"NH3-, N2O- und CH4-emissions from stable manure management in dairy farm systems: stable \u2014 storage \u2014 manure spreading. Diss. University of Natural Resources and Applied","author":"Amon, B.","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb5","volume-title":"Evaluation of Ammoniac emissions caused by Austrian agriculture. Assessment of reduction potentials and options, Forschungsprojekt Nr. 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Abfallstoffe Studie im Auftrag von BFE, Bundesamt f\u00fcr Energie und BUWAL, Bundesamt f\u00fcr Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft","author":"Edelmann, W.","year":"1999"},{"key":"atypb11","unstructured":"Gronauer, A., Claassen, N., Ebertseder, T., Fischer, P., Gutser, R., Helm, M., Popp, L. & Sch\u00f6n, H. (1997) Biowaste composting: techniques and recycling. Bayerisches Landesamt f\u00fcr Umweltschutz; Schriftenreihe Heft 139; M\u00fcnchen"},{"key":"atypb12","volume-title":"Potentials of emission reductions by process related measures in composting of biowaste","author":"Gudladt, U.","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2001.302376x"},{"key":"atypb14","first-page":"184","volume":"2","author":"Hellebrand, H.J.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Landtechnik"},{"key":"atypb15","volume-title":"Occurrence of greenhouse gases from biomass aggregations. Abschlussbericht zum F\u00f6rderprojekt der Deutschen Bundesstiftung Umwelt, Zeller","author":"Hellmann, B.","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb16","volume-title":"The formation of greenhouse gases during composting as a result of process management and input materials. Dissertation an der Gemeinsamen Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakult\u00e4t der Technischen","author":"Leinemann, B.","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb17","volume-title":"Comparative investigations on composting of biowaste in closed reactors and open windrows: emissions, quality and pollutants","author":"Marb, C.","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb18","volume-title":"Denitrification","author":"Payne, W.J.","year":"1981"},{"key":"atypb19","unstructured":"Raninger, B. (1999) Preferred recovery options for organic waste in Austria. Studie im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums f\u00fcr Umwelt, Jugend und Familie; Wien; 220S"},{"key":"atypb20","volume-title":"GHG Emission inventory for Austria 1990 to 1999; Reporting within Council Decission 1999\/296\/EC. von 1990 bis 1999; Berichterstattung gem\u00e4\u00df Entscheidung des Rates 1999\/296\/ EG; Interne Berichte","author":"Ritter, M.","year":"2000"},{"key":"atypb21","volume-title":"N2O-emissions from open windrow composting. Diplomarbeit in der Abteilung Agrar\u00f6ko-logie der","author":"Schie\u00dfl, K.","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2175\/106143098X123453"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2175\/106143098X123598"},{"key":"atypb24","volume-title":"Investigations on the rotting process of biowaste composting with varying proportions of biowaste (kitchen waste). 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