{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T03:56:40Z","timestamp":1785383800840,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,1]],"date-time":"2008-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1217548800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Waste Manag Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]},"abstract":"\n Knowledge of the behaviour of heavy metals in the combustion process is a most important factor in selecting disposal alternatives for waste materials. Accordingly, in this work, the vaporization behaviour of highly concentrated heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cu and Cr) in tannery sludge were investigated experimentally. The sludge was spiked with various chlorine compounds (i.e. PVC, FeCl\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n , CaCl\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n and NaCl) and pre-treated with phosphoric acid in order to evaluate the capacity of enhancement and weakening of the volatility of the heavy metals contained in tannery sludge. The experimental results show that the vaporization percentages increased with increasing ratio of Cl\/sludge and temperature, and the accelerating and increasing effect of the addition of chlorides on the vaporization percentage of heavy metals was dependent on the release capacity of chlorine radicals. The vaporization percentages of lead and zinc increased by 15\u201420%, whereas those of copper and chromium increased by only about 3 and 10% at 800 \u00b0C. However, heavy metals were not expected to be completely released in the combustion process in spite of the high ratio of Cl\/sludge. Alternately, heavy metals contained in tannery sludge can be immobilized effectively by pre-treatment with phosphoric acid. When the 85% phosphoric acid accounted for 10% of dry basis of tannery sludge, the phosphate-treated sludge showed the lowest vaporization percentage of about 3\u201415% with formation of Ca\n 18<\/jats:sub>\n Cu\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n (PO\n 4<\/jats:sub>\n )\n 14<\/jats:sub>\n , Ca\n 9<\/jats:sub>\n Cr(PO\n 4<\/jats:sub>\n )\n 7<\/jats:sub>\n , Ca\n 19<\/jats:sub>\n Zn\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n (PO\n 4<\/jats:sub>\n )\n 14<\/jats:sub>\n and PbMgP\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 7<\/jats:sub>\n in the bottom ash.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0734242x08092024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,4]],"date-time":"2008-08-04T11:58:59Z","timestamp":1217851139000},"page":"369-376","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Volatility of heavy metals during incineration of tannery sludge in the presence of chlorides and phosphoric acid"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"P.","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y.C.","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.Z.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Thermal Energy and Environmental Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.Y.","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3894(97)00079-4"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2006.11.012"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2004.07.021"},{"key":"atypb4","volume-title":"Proc. of the 12th International Conference on Solid Waste Technology and Management","author":"Chen, J.C."},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0734242X0302100305"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3894(97)00002-2"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-2180(94)00215-E"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00022470.1982.10465519"},{"key":"atypb9","volume-title":"Transformation of Heavy Metals during Sewage Sludge Incineration","author":"Han, 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