{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:23:42Z","timestamp":1777922622537,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,16]],"date-time":"2009-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1260921600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Waste Manag Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Incineration of industrial waste produces large quantities of bottom ash which are normally sent to secured landfill, but is not a sustainable solution. Use of bottom ash in engineering applications will contribute to sustainability and generate revenue. One way of using the industrial waste incineration bottom ash is in controlled low-strength material (CLSM). Use of bottom ash in CLSM has problems related to bleeding and excessive strength development and so an additive has to be used to control bleeding and strength development. The main objective of this research is to study the effect of kaolin addition on the performance of CLSM made using industrial waste incineration bottom ash. CLSM mixes were made with bottom ash, cement, and refined kaolin. Various tests were performed on the CLSM in fresh and hardened states including compressive strength, water absorption, California bearing ratio (CBR) and the tests for concentration of leachable substances on the bleed and leachate. The compressive strength of CLSM tested ranged from 0.11 to 9.86 MPa. CBR values ranged from 6 to 46, and water absorption values from 12 to 36%. It was shown that the addition of kaolin delayed the initial setting time of CLSM mixtures, reduced bleeding, lowered the compressive strength, and increased the values of water absorption, sorption, and initial surface absorption. The CLSM tested did not have corrosivity. It was shown that the hardened CLSM was non hazardous, and the addition of kaolin increased the concentration of heavy metals and salts in the bleed and leachate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0734242x09355073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,16]],"date-time":"2009-12-16T22:48:03Z","timestamp":1261003683000},"page":"848-860","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Effect of kaolin addition on the performance of controlled low-strength                material using industrial waste incineration bottom ash"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Sivakumar","family":"Naganathan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"family":"Hashim Abdul Razak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur,\r                  Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"family":"Siti Nadzriah Abdul Hamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kualiti Alam Sdn Bhd, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","unstructured":"ACI 229R-99 (1999) Controlled Low-strength Materials, pp.\n                  2-6. American Concrete\n                  Institute, Farmington Hills, MI,\n               USA."},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"Standard Test Method for Time of Setting of Concrete Mixtures by Penetration Resistance","author":"ASTM C 403-99","year":"2003"},{"key":"atypb3","volume-title":"Standard Test Method for Flow Consistency of Controlled Low-strength Material (CLSM)","author":"ASTM D 6103-00","year":"2003"},{"key":"atypb4","volume-title":"Standard Test Method for Expansion and Bleeding of freshly mixed grouts for Preplaced Aggregate Concrete in the Laboratory","author":"ASTM C940."},{"key":"atypb5","volume-title":"Testing Concrete, Method for Determination of Water Absorption","author":"BS 1881-part 122.","year":"1983"},{"key":"atypb6","volume-title":"Methods of Test for Soils in Civil Engineering Part 4 Compaction Related Tests","author":"BS 1377-Part 4","year":"1990"},{"key":"atypb7","unstructured":"BS 882: 1992 (1992) Specification for Aggregates from Natural Sources\n                  for Concrete, pp. 5, British Standards\n                  Institution, Milton Keynes,\n               UK."},{"key":"atypb8","volume-title":"Testing Concrete - Part 208, Recommendations for the Determination of Initial Surface Absorption of Concrete","author":"BS 1881-part 208.","year":"1996"},{"key":"atypb9","unstructured":"Department of Environment Malaysia (2008) Malaysia Environment Quality Report\n               2007, pp. 74-83, Ministry of\n                  Natural Resources and Environment,\n                  Malaysia."},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3894(00)00202-8"},{"key":"atypb11","volume-title":"Highway Maintenance","year":"2009"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/STP13058S"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/STP169C-EB"},{"key":"atypb14","volume-title":"Leaching test - Recommended Acceptance Criteria for Suitability of Industrial Wastes for Landfill Disposal","author":"National Environmental Agency","year":"2008"},{"key":"atypb15","unstructured":"Neville, A.M. ( 1996) Properties of Concrete, pp.\n                  488-492. Addition Wesley Longman\n                  Limited, Harlow,\n                  Essex , UK."},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2008.07.019"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.07.070"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781482274769"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2172\/861001"},{"key":"atypb20","volume-title":"Well Owner","year":"2008"}],"container-title":["Waste Management &amp; Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0734242X09355073","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0734242X09355073","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:26:00Z","timestamp":1777667160000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0734242X09355073"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,16]]},"references-count":20,"aliases":["10.1177\/0734242x10355073"],"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0734242X09355073"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0734242x09355073","relation":{},"ISSN":["0734-242X","1096-3669"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0734-242X","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-3669","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,16]]}}}