{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:25:30Z","timestamp":1777922730738,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]],"date-time":"2012-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1349049600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Waste Manag Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Components with extraordinarily high analyte contents, for example copper metal from wires or plastics stabilized with heavy metal compounds, are presumed to be a crucial source of errors in refuse-derived fuel (RDF) analysis. In order to study the error generation of those \u2018analyte carrier components\u2019, synthetic samples spiked with defined amounts of carrier materials were mixed, milled in a high speed rotor mill to particle sizes &lt;1 mm, &lt;0.5 mm and &lt;0.2 mm, respectively, and analyzed repeatedly. Copper (Cu) metal and brass were used as Cu carriers, three kinds of polyvinylchloride (PVC) materials as lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) carriers, and paper and polyethylene as bulk components. In most cases, samples &lt;0.2 mm delivered good recovery rates (rec), and low or moderate relative standard deviations (rsd), i.e. metallic Cu 87\u201391% rec, 14\u201335% rsd, Cd from flexible PVC yellow 90\u201392% rec, 8\u201310% rsd and Pb from rigid PVC 92\u201396% rec, 3\u20134% rsd. Cu from brass was overestimated (138\u2013150% rec, 13\u201342% rsd), Cd from flexible PVC grey underestimated (72\u201375% rec, 4\u20137% rsd) in &lt;0.2 mm samples. Samples &lt;0.5 mm and &lt;1 mm spiked with Cu or brass produced errors of up to 220% rsd (&lt;0.5 mm) and 370% rsd (&lt;1 mm). In the case of Pb from rigid PVC, poor recoveries (54\u201375%) were observed in spite of moderate variations (rsd 11\u201329%). In conclusion, time-consuming milling to &lt;0.2 mm can reduce variation to acceptable levels, even given the presence of analyte carrier materials. Yet, the sources of systematic errors observed (likely segregation effects) remain uncertain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0734242x12462276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,2]],"date-time":"2012-10-02T01:39:28Z","timestamp":1349141968000},"page":"1281-1289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Analysis of total copper, cadmium and lead in refuse-derived fuels (RDF): study on analytical errors using synthetic samples"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Stefan","family":"Skutan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Water Quality, Resource and Waste Management, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Aschenbrenner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Water Quality, Resource and Waste Management, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0734242X12462276","first-page":"369","volume":"11","author":"Bilitewski B","year":"1985","journal-title":"M\u00fcll und Abfall"},{"key":"bibr2-0734242X12462276","unstructured":"BGS (2008) G\u00fcte- und Pr\u00fcfbestimmungen Sekund\u00e4rbrennstoffe, Ausgabe November 2008. [Test Methods for Refuse-derived-fuels]. G\u00fctegemeinschaft Sekund\u00e4rbrennstoffe und Recyclingholz e.V. M\u00fcnster, Germany. Available at: http:\/\/www.bgs-ev.de\/PDF\/724d_1_Guete_u_Pruefbestimmungen.pdf (accessed 12 January 2011)."},{"key":"bibr3-0734242X12462276","volume-title":"Pre-standard CEN\/TS 15443:2007 Solid Recovered Fuels\u2015Methods for Laboratory Sample Preparation","author":"CEN","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr4-0734242X12462276","unstructured":"Cesi Ricerca (2008) Quovadis \u2013 Quality Management, Organisation, Validation of Standards, Developments and Inquiries for SRF. Milan: Cesi Ricerca S.p.A. Available at: http:\/\/quovadis.rse-web.it\/deliverables%2012%202007\/1.9.pdf (accessed 12 January 2011)."},{"key":"bibr5-0734242X12462276","unstructured":"Denner M (2009) Ermittlung der Einfl\u00fcsse von alternativen chemisch-analytischen Aufarbeitungsverfahren auf die Bewertung von festen Ersatzbrennstoffen \u201cEBS-Analytik\u201d. [Evaluation of Alternative Test Methods for RDF Analysis]. Report 0125. Vienna: Environment Agency Austria. Available at: http:\/\/www.umweltbundesamt.at\/fileadmin\/site\/publikationen\/REP0125.pdf (accessed 5 January 2011)."},{"key":"bibr6-0734242X12462276","unstructured":"Denner M, Kuegler I (2006) Erarbeitung eines Beprobungskonzeptes f\u00fcr Ersatzbrenn stoffe. [Design of Sampling Concepts for RDF Analysis]. Report 00\u201359. Vienna: Environment Agency Austria, Vienna. Available at: http:\/\/www.umweltbundesamt.at\/fileadmin\/site\/publikationen\/REP0059.pdf (accessed 5 January 2011)."},{"key":"bibr7-0734242X12462276","first-page":"1","volume-title":"M\u00fcllhandbuch. [Waste Handbook.] Band 2","volume":"1678","author":"Flamme S","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr8-0734242X12462276","volume-title":"Taschenbuch der Kunststoffadditive","author":"G\u00e4chter R","year":"1990"},{"key":"bibr9-0734242X12462276","volume-title":"Sampling of Heterogeneous and Dynamic Material Systems","author":"Gy PM","year":"1992"},{"key":"bibr10-0734242X12462276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1351\/pac199062061193"},{"key":"bibr11-0734242X12462276","first-page":"227","volume":"17","author":"Krauss P","year":"1985","journal-title":"M\u00fcll und Abfall"},{"key":"bibr12-0734242X12462276","unstructured":"Prochaska M, Raber G, Lorber KE (2004) Heizwertreiche Abfallfraktionen aus der mechanischen Abfallbehandlung (MA) und der mechanisch-biologischen Abfallbehandlung (MBA). [High-calorific-value-fractions from Mechanical Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste]. Final report. Leoben: Institute for Sustainable Waste Management and Technology. Available at: http:\/\/www.umweltbundesamt.at\/fileadmin\/site\/umweltthemen\/abfall\/Endbericht_MBA_HWF.pdf (accessed 5 January 2011)."},{"key":"bibr13-0734242X12462276","unstructured":"Retsch (2010) Ultra Centrifugal Mill ZM 200, quick and gentle pulverization. The Sample 36: 6\u20137. Available at: http:\/\/www.retsch.de\/dltmp\/www\/231153-d01bb14a0f10\/thesample36.pdf (accessed 5 March 2011)."},{"key":"bibr14-0734242X12462276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03067310701189067"},{"key":"bibr15-0734242X12462276","volume-title":"Schwermetalle im Haushaltsabfall - Potenzial, Verteilung und Steuerungsm\u00f6glichkeiten durch Aufbereitung","author":"Rotter S","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr16-0734242X12462276","unstructured":"Skutan S, Brunner PH (2006) Stoffbilanzen mechanisch-biologischer Anlagen zur Behandlung von Restm\u00fcll. [Substance Flow Analysis on Mechanical-biological Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste]. Final report. Vienna: Institute for Water Quality, Resource and Waste Management. Available at: http:\/\/www.umweltnet.at\/article\/articleview\/54477\/1\/6955\/ (accessed 5 January 2011)."},{"key":"bibr17-0734242X12462276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0734242X12442740"}],"container-title":["Waste Management &amp; Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0734242X12462276","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0734242X12462276","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0734242X12462276","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:29:02Z","timestamp":1777667342000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0734242X12462276"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0734242X12462276"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0734242x12462276","relation":{},"ISSN":["0734-242X","1096-3669"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0734-242X","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-3669","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]]}}}