{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T17:13:33Z","timestamp":1788282813674,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Waste Manag Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) remains a critical challenge in India due to rapid urbanisation, increasing waste volumes, and limited institutional capacity. Although urban local bodies (ULBs) allocate up to 80% of their MSWM budgets to collection and transport, inefficiencies persist due to unoptimised routes and poor alignment with local conditions. Most geographic information system (GIS)-based optimisation models remain top-down, failing to reflect on-the-ground realities and are rarely implementable. This study presents a participatory GIS-based routing methodology for decentralised MSWM system in a flood-prone town in Kerala, India. It integrates standard geospatial data with tacit knowledge from ULB officials and frontline sanitation workers through participatory mapping and ground-truthing, producing spatial layers on waste generation, transport conditions, flood-prone roads, and existing collection clusters, pick-up points, and storage facilities. Based on this, the study proposes operational changes, including new pick-up points, mini-material collection facilities (intermediary storage hubs), and a three-tier vehicle system tailored to local constraints. ArcGIS Network Analyst is used to identify optimal routes, incorporating flood-prone roads as network barriers. Compared to the current system, the optimised plan is flood-resilient and achieves a 32% reduction in travel distance, 35% cut in fuel use and emissions, and a 62% increase in collection capacity and 100% household coverage, along with better working conditions. The study offers a scalable framework that merges technical optimisation with context specificity, enabling ULBs in resource-constrained settings to co-produce climate-resilient transport solutions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0734242x261437538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T05:27:24Z","timestamp":1779341244000},"page":"1515-1530","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A participatory geographic information system-based route optimisation for decentralised municipal solid waste management system: A case study from a flood-prone town in Kerala, India"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8072-0270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rakendu","family":"Suresh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ashank Desai Centre for Policy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6968-9529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antony Gosh Zen","family":"Vadakkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture and Planning, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9934-6815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arya","family":"P. 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