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This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of these ZWPs. A content analysis of the ZWPs documents from 93 cities, based on a three-dimensional framework (i.e., waste types, \u201cR\u201d principles, and policy instruments), revealed their characteristics: (1) municipal and industrial waste was the most frequently addressed waste types; (2) the \u201cRecycle\u201d and \u201cReduce\u201d principles were the most featured \u201cR\u201d principles, while waste projects and legal instruments were the most prevalent policy instruments; (3) the selection of policy instruments varied significantly among different waste types and \u201cR\u201d principles; and (4) nine city-level factors were correlated with and influenced the ZWPs\u2019 selection of waste types, \u201cR\u201d principles, and policy instruments. Our study illustrated the Chinese approaches to the \u201czero-waste city\u201d programme and offered policy implications for optimising the selection of waste types, \u201cR\u201d principles, and policy instruments, providing valuable insights for future zero-waste policies and plans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0734242x261467120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T09:01:42Z","timestamp":1785315702000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characteristics of China\u2019s \u201czero-waste city\u201d workplans for the 2021\u20132025 period: A content analysis of the workplan documents released by 93 cities"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Congyan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Architectural Engineering Institute, Jiangxi Modern Polytechnic College, Nanchang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0369-5445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanlai","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Planning and Finance Department, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengxue","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almansour M Akrami M (2024) Towards zero waste: An in-depth analysis of national policies strategies and case studies in waste minimisation. 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