{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T01:39:54Z","timestamp":1777858794108,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,20]],"date-time":"2016-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1482192000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["P50 HD052117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50 HD052117"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We investigated the classification accuracy of learning disability (LD) identification methods premised on the identification of an intraindividual pattern of processing strengths and weaknesses (PSW) method using multiple indicators for all latent constructs. Known LD status was derived from latent scores; values at the observed level identified LD status for individual cases according to the concordance\/discordance method. Agreement with latent status was evaluated using (a) a single indicator, (b) two indicators as part of a test\u2013retest \u201cconfirmation\u201d model, and (c) a mean score. Specificity and negative predictive value (NPV) were generally high for single indicators (median specificity = 98.8%, range = 93.4%-99.7%; median NPV = 94.2%, range = 85.6%-98.7%), but low for sensitivity (median sensitivity = 49.1%, range = 20.3%-77.1%) and positive predictive value (PPV; median PPV = 48.8%, range = 23.5%-69.6%). A test\u2013retest procedure produced inconsistent and small improvements in classification accuracy, primarily in \u201cnot LD\u201d decisions. Use of a mean score produced small improvements in classifications (mean improvement = 2.0%, range = 0.3%-2.8%). The modest gains in agreement do not justify the additional testing burdens associated with incorporating multiple tests of all constructs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0734282916683287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,31]],"date-time":"2017-12-31T05:30:10Z","timestamp":1514698210000},"page":"21-33","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Simulation of LD Identification Accuracy Using a Pattern of Processing Strengths and Weaknesses Method With Multiple Measures"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Miciak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W. Pat","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karla K.","family":"Stuebing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jack M.","family":"Fletcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0734282916683287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2008.04.004"},{"key":"bibr2-0734282916683287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219410392048"},{"key":"bibr3-0734282916683287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0734282909342374"},{"key":"bibr4-0734282916683287","volume-title":"Essentials of cross-battery assessment","author":"Flanagan D. P.","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr5-0734282916683287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21683603.2016.1192852"},{"key":"bibr6-0734282916683287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-388409-1.00001-1"},{"key":"bibr7-0734282916683287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TLD.0000000000000004"},{"key":"bibr8-0734282916683287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/073194871003300310"},{"key":"bibr9-0734282916683287","volume-title":"School neuropsychology: A practitioner\u2019s handbook","author":"Hale J. B.","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr10-0734282916683287","unstructured":"Hanson J., Sharman M. S., Esparza-Brown J. (2008). Pattern of strengths and weaknesses in specific learning disabilities: What\u2019s it all about? Technical Assistance Paper. Oregon School Psychologists Association. Retrieved October 5, 2012 from http:\/\/www.jamesbrenthanson.com\/uploads\/PSWCondensed121408.pdf."},{"key":"bibr11-0734282916683287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940003300303"},{"key":"bibr12-0734282916683287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21683603.2016.1155515"},{"key":"bibr13-0734282916683287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21683603.2016.1192855"},{"key":"bibr14-0734282916683287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/spq0000109"},{"key":"bibr15-0734282916683287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/spq0000037"},{"key":"bibr16-0734282916683287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/spq0000091"},{"key":"bibr17-0734282916683287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/edu0000096"},{"key":"bibr18-0734282916683287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01688638808402801"},{"key":"bibr19-0734282916683287","first-page":"145","volume-title":"Essentials of specific learning disability identification","author":"Naglieri J. A.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr20-0734282916683287","volume-title":"SAS (9.4) [computer software]","author":"SAS Institute","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr21-0734282916683287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02796015.2012.12087373"},{"key":"bibr22-0734282916683287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/00028312039002469"},{"key":"bibr23-0734282916683287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000356"},{"key":"bibr24-0734282916683287","volume-title":"Wechsler individual achievement test \u2013Second Edition (WIAT-II)","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr25-0734282916683287","volume-title":"Wechsler intelligence scale for children\u2013Fourth Edition (WISC-IV)","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"2003"}],"container-title":["Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0734282916683287","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0734282916683287","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0734282916683287","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:20:11Z","timestamp":1777508411000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0734282916683287"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,20]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0734282916683287"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0734282916683287","relation":{},"ISSN":["0734-2829","1557-5144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0734-2829","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-5144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,20]]}}}