{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T05:43:32Z","timestamp":1791524612492,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,1]],"date-time":"2007-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1170288000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxicol Ind Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Titanium dioxide (TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) is extensively used in many industrial areas, including cosmetics, pharmaceutical, paint and paper production. Although the uses of TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    have become so widespread, there is limited information concerning its toxicity on humans. However, the genotoxicity of TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    remains to be controversial. The possible genotoxic effects of TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    have been evaluated in human whole blood cultures (WBCs) related to oxidative status. The blood was processed to examine the following oxidative stress markers: glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase and catalase. In addition, the frequencies of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) and micronuclei (MN) were scored as genetic endpoints. Different concentrations of TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (1, 2, 3, 5, 7.5 and 10 \u03bcM) were tested. From the results, it appeared that TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    was able to induce genotoxic effects, as observed by the increases found in SCE and MN frequencies in TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -treated cultures. Present results also show that treatments with TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    promoted oxidative stress in human WBC with an increase in concentrations. In conclusion, our data indicate that TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    can enhance oxidative stress-mediated DNA damage in vitro. Toxicology and Industrial Health 2007; 23: 19\u201423.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233707076764","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,5]],"date-time":"2007-07-05T04:37:55Z","timestamp":1183610275000},"page":"19-23","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["An in vitro blood culture for evaluating the genotoxicity of titanium dioxide: the responses of antioxidant enzymes"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Hasan","family":"T\u00fcrkez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Atat\u00fcrk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatime","family":"Geyiko\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Atat\u00fcrk University, 25240, Erzurum, 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