{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:28:39Z","timestamp":1777922919738,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":194,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,1]],"date-time":"2007-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1177977600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxicol Ind Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) prepared this health consultation to provide support for assessing the public health implications of hazardous chemical exposure, primarily through drinking water, related to releases of chromated copper arsenate (CCA) in the port of Djibouti. CCA from a shipment, apparently intended for treating electric poles, is leaking into the soil in the port area. CCA is a pesticide used to protect wood against decay-causing organisms. This mixture commonly contains chromium(VI) (hexavalent chromium) as chromic acid, arsenic(V) (pentavalent arsenic) as arsenic pentoxide and copper (II) (divalent copper) as cupric oxide, often in an aqueous solution or concentrate. Experimental studies of the fate of CCA in soil and monitoring studies of wood-preserving sites where CCA was spilled on the soil indicate that the chromium(VI), arsenic and copper components of CCA can leach from soil into groundwater and surface water. In addition, at CCA wood-preserving sites, substantial concentrations of chromium(VI), arsenic and copper remained in the soil and were leachable into water four years after the use of CCA was discontinued, suggesting prolonged persistence in soil, with continued potential for leaching. The degree of leaching depended on soil composition and the extent of soil contamination with CCA. In general, leaching was highest for chromium(VI), intermediate for arsenic and lowest for copper. Thus, the potential for contamination of sources of drinking water exists. Although arsenic that is leached from CCA-contaminated soil into surface water may accumulate in the tissues of fish and shellfish, most of the arsenic in these animals will be in a form (often called fish arsenic) that is less harmful. Copper, which leaches less readily than the other components, can accumulate in tissues of mussels and oysters. Chromium is not likely to accumulate in the tissues of fish and shellfish. Limited studies of air concentrations during cleanup of CCA-contaminated soil at wood- preserving sites showed that air levels of chromium(VI), arsenic and copper were below the occupational standards. Workers directly involved in the repackaging, containment or cleanup of leaking containers of CCA or of soil saturated with CCA, however, may be exposed to high levels of CCA through direct dermal contact, inhalation of aerosols or particulates and inadvertent ingestion. Few studies have been conducted on the health effects of CCA. CCA as a concentrated solution is corrosive to the skin eyes and digestive tract. Studies of workers exposed to CCA in wood-preserving plants have not found adverse health effects in these workers, but the studies involved small numbers of workers and therefore are not definitive. People exposed to very high levels of CCA, from sawing wood that still had liquid CCA in it or from living in a home contaminated with ash containing high levels of chromium(VI), arsenic and copper, experienced serious health effects including nosebleeds, digestive system pain and bleeding, itching skin, darkened urine, nervous system effects such as tingling or numbness of the hands and feet and confusion, and rashes or thickening and peeling of the skin. These health effects of the mixture are at least qualitatively reflective of the health effects of the individual components of CCA (arsenic, chromium(VI) and copper). For a given mixture, the critical effects of the individual components are of particular concern, as are any effects in common that may become significant due to additivity or interactions among the components. Effects of concern for CCA, based on the known effects of the individual components, include cancer (arsenic by the oral route, arsenic and chromium(VI) by the inhalation route), irritant or corrosive effects (all three mixture components), the unique dermal effects of arsenic, neurologic effects (arsenic and chromium(VI), and hematologic, hepatic and renal effects (all three components). Because arsenic, chromium(VI), and copper components affect some of the same target organs, they may have additive toxicity toward those organs. Few studies have investigated the potential toxic interactions among the components (arsenic, chromium(VI) and copper) of CCA. The available interaction studies and also possible mechanisms of interaction were evaluated using a weight-of-evidence approach. The conclusion is that there is no strong evidence that interactions among the components of CCA will result in a marked increase in toxicity. This conclusion reflects a lack of well designed interaction studies as well as uncertainties regarding potential mechanisms of interaction. Confidence in the conclusion is low. Workers exposed to high levels of CCA during cleanup of leaking containers of CCA or soil heavily contaminated with CCA should wear protective clothing and respirators if air concentrations of arsenic are above 10 \u03bcg\/m\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    . In addition, they should not eat, drink or use tobacco products during exposure to CCA, and should thoroughly wash after skin contact with CCA and before eating, drinking, using tobacco products or using restrooms. When protective clothing becomes contaminated with CCA, it should be changed, and the contaminated clothing should be disposed off in a manner approved for pesticide disposal. Workers should leave all protective clothing, including work shoes and boots, at the workplace, so that CCA will not be carried into their cars and homes, which would endanger other people. People not involved in the cleanup of the CCA and who are not wearing protective clothing should be prevented from entering contaminated areas. Leaking containers of CCA must be repackaged and contained to prevent direct exposure of on-site personnel; and contaminated soil needs to be removed to prevent the CCA from leaching into surface water and groundwater, thereby contaminating sources of drinking water.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233707076810","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,11]],"date-time":"2007-12-11T09:28:06Z","timestamp":1197365286000},"page":"183-208","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Chemical-specific health consultation for chromated copper arsenate chemical mixture: port of Djibouti"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Selene","family":"Chou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Agency for Toxicology and Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joan","family":"Colman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Syracuse Research Corporation, North Syracuse, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolyn","family":"Tylenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agency for Toxicology and Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"De Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agency for Toxicology and Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists","author":"Acgih."},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/BTER:74:1:81"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1996.tb00197.x"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00288233.2000.9513416"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1007\/s0021663540676","volume":"354","author":"Andersen, S.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry"},{"issue":"2","key":"atypb6","first-page":"137","volume":"34","author":"Araya, M.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1984.10545849"},{"key":"atypb8","first-page":"45","volume":"1","author":"Askergren, A.","year":"1975","journal-title":"Environment and Health"},{"key":"atypb9","volume-title":"Health assessment for Cape Fear Wood Preserving, Fayetteville, North Carolina, Region 4. 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