{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T03:37:51Z","timestamp":1788838671110,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,21]],"date-time":"2011-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1316563200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Toxicol Ind Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Paint sludge of car manufacturing industries are not disposed in landfills, since they contain hazardous materials with a high concentration of chromium, aluminum, titanium, barium, copper, Iron, magnesium, strontium, and so on. Thus, it is essential to find solutions in order to neutralize them or suggest cost-effective techniques, which are also environmentally acceptable. Because, this sludge contains considerable amounts of Ti pigments and unbaked resins, recycling these pigments\u2014which could be used in a variety of industries such as paint factories\u2014 is an appropriate subject for further research. In this article, with the aim of identification of main pollutants in order to eliminate them and suggest a cost-effective solution to recover the sludge, a large number of tests including X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, X ray diffraction spectroscopy, and diffusion thermal analysis are conducted to determine types and concentration of elements, and combinations of paint sludge in car manufacturing industries. As titanium dioxide (TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) is widely used as the main pigment of automobile paints, an optimal technique is suggested for extracting TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    with high purity percentage through adopting scientific methods such as membrane and electrolysis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233711414611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,21]],"date-time":"2011-09-21T21:50:18Z","timestamp":1316641818000},"page":"463-469","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Reduction of pollutants in painting operation and suggestion of an optimal technique for extracting titanium dioxide from paint sludge in car manufacturing industries\u2014case study (SAIPA)"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Seyed Mostafa","family":"Khezri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Energy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Mahmood","family":"Shariat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Energy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahar","family":"Tabibian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Energy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0748233711414611","volume-title":"X-Ray Flourescence Spectroscopy","author":"Amptek website","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr2-0748233711414611","volume-title":"Thermal Analyses Techniques. Differential Thermal Analysis","author":"Bhadeshia HKDH","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr3-0748233711414611","unstructured":"Chemical success story (2001) Water Washes Overspray Paint Recovery. Available at: http:\/\/www1.eere.energy.gov\/industry\/chemicals\/pdfs\/caterpillar.pdf."},{"key":"bibr4-0748233711414611","volume-title":"Environmental Pollution (Air, Water, Soil, Noise)","author":"Dabiri M","year":"2006","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr5-0748233711414611","unstructured":"Dabiri M. Environmental Pollution (air, water, soil, noise), 4th edition (2006). Ettehad Publications, p.76."},{"key":"bibr6-0748233711414611","unstructured":"Daimler C (1999) Paint for recovering and recycling organic binder components from a coating slurry. US patent No. 5,281,629."},{"key":"bibr7-0748233711414611","unstructured":"Daimler C (2002) New Process for Converting Paint Sludge into Methanol. Environmental Data for the Bursa Plant. Available at: www.sustainability-renault.com."},{"key":"bibr8-0748233711414611","volume-title":"Principles of Instrumental Analysis","volume":"1","author":"Douglas AS","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr9-0748233711414611","volume-title":"Principles of Instrumental Analysis","volume":"2","author":"Douglas AS","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr10-0748233711414611","volume-title":"Physical Principles of Electron Microscopy: SEM, TEM, AEM","author":"Egerton RF","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr11-0748233711414611","unstructured":"Environmental Services Division State of Michigan, Departments of Commerce and Natural Resources (1994), p.184."},{"key":"bibr12-0748233711414611","unstructured":"FUJI Heavy Industries (SUBARU) (2007) Environment and Social Report. Available at: www.fhi.co.jp."},{"key":"bibr13-0748233711414611","unstructured":"Gerace MJ (1992) Method of making a filler from auto motive paint sludge, filler and sealant containing a filler. US patent www.uspatent.gov."},{"key":"bibr14-0748233711414611","unstructured":"Gerace MJ (1999a) Compounded polymeric compositions utilizing processed paint sludge as a replaccment for polymeric components. US patent www.uspatent.gov."},{"key":"bibr15-0748233711414611","unstructured":"Gerace MJ (1999b) Method for treating paint sludge. US patent www.uspatent.gov."},{"key":"bibr16-0748233711414611","volume-title":"The Study of Effective Factors in Direct Electrochemical Reduction of Titanium Dioxide","author":"Jalaee A","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr17-0748233711414611","volume-title":"Principles and Applications of Electron Microscopy and Modern Methods of Analysis (Knowledge about Instruments in World of Nano)","author":"Kaviani S","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr18-0748233711414611","volume-title":"Membranes and Membrane Processes","author":"Madaeni S","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr19-0748233711414611","volume-title":"Membranes and Membrane Processes","author":"Madaeni S","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr20-0748233711414611","unstructured":"Wcaslab website (2007) Available at: http:\/\/www.wcaslab.com."},{"key":"bibr21-0748233711414611","unstructured":"Weinwurm P (1992) Method for producing insoluble industrial raw materials from waste. US patent No. 5,078, 375."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1177\/0748233713496929","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,18]],"date-time":"2013-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1374105600000}}],"container-title":["Toxicology and Industrial Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0748233711414611","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0748233711414611","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0748233711414611","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:36:43Z","timestamp":1777667803000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0748233711414611"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,21]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0748233711414611"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0748233711414611","relation":{},"ISSN":["0748-2337","1477-0393"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0748-2337","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-0393","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,21]]}}}