{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T02:57:09Z","timestamp":1792119429099,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,7]],"date-time":"2012-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1344297600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Toxicol Ind Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Toxicity of heavy metal is a wide spread environmental problem affecting all life forms including plants. In the present study the toxic effects of heavy metals, cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and lead (Pb) on seed germination rate (%), germination index (G-index) and growth (mm) of Brassica rapa var. turnip have been investigated. The seeds were soaked either in distilled water (control) or in aqueous solutions of Cd, Cr and Pb (1 g\/l, 2.5 g\/l and 5 g\/l) at 4\u00b0C in dark for 24 hours. Prior to inoculation onto MS0 medium, the soaked seeds were either washed with sterile distilled water or inoculated without washing on solidified MS0 medium at 25 \u00b1 2\u00b0C with 16\/8-hour photoperiod in a growth chamber to germinate in vitro. Such stress conditions revealed that by increasing the concentration of heavy metals, the germination rate (%), G-index value and growth (mm) decreased significantly, suggesting their toxic effect on B. rapa var. turnip. This study further revealed that experiment with seed washing resulted in less toxicity of selected heavy metals on germination and growth of B. rapa var. turnip, as compared to experiment without washing. However, the resulting toxicity order of the selected heavy metals remained the same (Cd\u00a0&gt;\u00a0Cr\u00a0&gt;\u00a0Pb). Significant decrease has been observed in seed viability and germination potential and finally heavy metals completely ceased further growth and development of plants. The 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-scavenging activity revealed that significantly higher activity was observed in control plants without heavy metals treatment. Furthermore, the Cd-treated plants showed decreased antioxidant activity. Cr and Pb were less toxic as compared to Cd (control\u00a0&gt;\u00a0Pb\u00a0&gt;\u00a0Cr\u00a0&gt;\u00a0Cd). This study revealed that selected heavy metals not only affected plant development but also disturbed plant metabolic pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233712452605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,8]],"date-time":"2012-08-08T00:39:20Z","timestamp":1344386360000},"page":"238-249","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Toxic effects of heavy metals (Cd, Cr and Pb) on seed germination and growth and DPPH-scavenging activity in\n                    <i>Brassica rapa<\/i>\n                    var.\n                    <i>turnip<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Maryam Mehmood","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bilal Haider","family":"Abbasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nisar","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tariq","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 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