{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:30:53Z","timestamp":1777923053598,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,30]],"date-time":"2012-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1343606400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Toxicol Ind Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Lifeguards are frequently exposed to various irritant chemicals including chlorine during work, which can induce respiratory and allergic disorders. In this study, pulmonary function tests (PFTs) and self-reported respiratory and allergic symptoms in lifeguards were compared with matched control subjects. The frequency of respiratory and allergic symptoms was evaluated in a sample of 38 Iranian male lifeguards and 38 control subjects with similar age, having other jobs from the general population, using a questionnaire including questions on work-related respiratory and allergic symptoms in the past year, smoking habits, and duration of working as a lifeguard. PFTs were also measured in lifeguard subjects before and 15\u00a0min after 200\u00a0\u00b5g inhaled salbutamol and baseline PFT in controls. A total of 22 (55%) participants reported work-related respiratory symptoms. Sputum (39.4%) and cough (18.4%) were the most common symptoms and only 7.9% and 15.8% of lifeguards reported wheezing and shortness of breath, respectively. Both sputum and breathlessness were significantly higher in lifeguards than control group ( p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05 and p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.005, respectively). Most allergic symptoms (sneezing and runny nose) in lifeguards were also significantly greater than control group ( p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05 for both cases). In addition, all respiratory (except sputum and wheezing) and allergic symptoms were significantly higher in lifeguards during work compared with rest period ( p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05 to p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.005). Most PFT values were also significantly lower in lifeguards than control subjects ( p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05 to p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). In addition, most (all) PFT values were significantly improved after 200\u00a0\u00b5g inhaled salbutamol ( p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05 to p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). These results showed that lifeguards have higher frequencies of work related respiratory symptoms and allergic symptoms particularly during the work period. PFT values were also significantly reduced among lifeguards.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233712454465","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,31]],"date-time":"2012-07-31T03:46:03Z","timestamp":1343706363000},"page":"218-224","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The effect of exposure to chlorine on pulmonary function tests and respiratory and allergic symptoms in Iranian lifeguards"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"MH","family":"Boskabady","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Esmaeilizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Medical School, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences (AJUMS), Ahvaz, Islamic Republic of Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Boskabady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0748233712454465","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.58.6.399"},{"key":"bibr2-0748233712454465","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.152.3.7663792"},{"key":"bibr3-0748233712454465","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.03.00402303"},{"key":"bibr4-0748233712454465","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/092986707781058940"},{"key":"bibr5-0748233712454465","first-page":"10","volume":"6","author":"Boskabady MH","year":"2005","journal-title":"Turkish Respiratory Journal"},{"key":"bibr6-0748233712454465","first-page":"61","volume":"2","author":"Boskabady MH","year":"2003","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology"},{"key":"bibr7-0748233712454465","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200939040-00003"},{"key":"bibr8-0748233712454465","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00117708"},{"key":"bibr9-0748233712454465","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.84.8.1211"},{"key":"bibr10-0748233712454465","unstructured":"Cots JE, Leathart GL (1993) Lung fuction, assessment and application in medicine. 5th ed. London: Blackwell Scientific Publication, p. 144."},{"key":"bibr11-0748233712454465","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/074823379300900304"},{"key":"bibr12-0748233712454465","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199602000-00018"},{"key":"bibr13-0748233712454465","first-page":"491","volume":"200","author":"Erdinger L","year":"1998","journal-title":"Zentralblatt fur Hygiene and Umweltmedizin"},{"key":"bibr14-0748233712454465","first-page":"2051","volume":"115","author":"Fjellbirkeland L","year":"1995","journal-title":"Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen"},{"key":"bibr15-0748233712454465","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02770900802165980"},{"key":"bibr16-0748233712454465","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2000.107749"},{"key":"bibr17-0748233712454465","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.1998.tb03904.x"},{"key":"bibr18-0748233712454465","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-4878(95)00013-5"},{"key":"bibr19-0748233712454465","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00024706"},{"key":"bibr20-0748233712454465","first-page":"248","volume":"34","author":"Jessen HJ","year":"1998","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr die Gesamte Hygiene"},{"key":"bibr21-0748233712454465","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200131080-00005"},{"key":"bibr22-0748233712454465","first-page":"349","volume":"33","author":"Martinez TT","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clinical Toxicology"},{"key":"bibr23-0748233712454465","volume-title":"Global strategy for asthma management and prevention","author":"National Institutes of Health","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr24-0748233712454465","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.96.09101973"},{"key":"bibr25-0748233712454465","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.02.00308602"},{"key":"bibr26-0748233712454465","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.57.2.73"},{"key":"bibr27-0748233712454465","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.04.041"},{"key":"bibr28-0748233712454465","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-198201000-00007"},{"key":"bibr29-0748233712454465","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1983.54.4.1120"},{"key":"bibr30-0748233712454465","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.02.00232802"},{"key":"bibr31-0748233712454465","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/JAS-120017209"},{"key":"bibr32-0748233712454465","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02719681"}],"container-title":["Toxicology and Industrial Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0748233712454465","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0748233712454465","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0748233712454465","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:37:54Z","timestamp":1777667874000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0748233712454465"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,30]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0748233712454465"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0748233712454465","relation":{},"ISSN":["0748-2337","1477-0393"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0748-2337","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-0393","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,30]]}}}