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The effect of fluoride may be exacerbated by lead (Pb), a potent inhibitor of many enzymes and a factor causing apoptosis, still present in the environment in excessive amounts. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of sodium fluoride (NaF) and\/or lead acetate (PbAc) on development of apoptosis, cell vitality, and proliferation in the liver cell line HepG2. We examined hepatocytes from the liver cell line HepG2, incubated for 48 h with NaF, PbAc, and their mixture (NaF + PbAc), and used for measuring apoptosis, index of proliferation, and vitality of cells. Incubation of the hepatocytes with NaF or PbAc increased apoptosis, more when fluoride and Pb were used simultaneously. Vitality of the cells depended on the compound used and its concentration. Proliferation slightly increased and then decreased in a high fluoride environment; it decreased significantly after addition of Pb in a dose-dependent manner. When used together, fluoride inhibited the decreasing effect of Pb on cell proliferation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233713502843","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,5]],"date-time":"2013-11-05T21:12:01Z","timestamp":1383685921000},"page":"517-525","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Lead enhances fluoride influence on apoptotic processes in the HepG2 liver cell line"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Izabela","family":"Gutowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irena","family":"Baranowska-Bosiacka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Siwiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Szczuko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Kolasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Kondarewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Rybicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Dunaj-Sta\u0144czyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ireneusz","family":"Wiernicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Surgery and Angiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dariusz","family":"Chlubek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Stachowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0748233713502843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-008-9094-6"},{"key":"bibr2-0748233713502843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002040000132"},{"key":"bibr3-0748233713502843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2009.02.005"},{"key":"bibr4-0748233713502843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2012.10.027"},{"key":"bibr5-0748233713502843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2006.04.028"},{"key":"bibr6-0748233713502843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(96)03586-X"},{"key":"bibr7-0748233713502843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.104.070466"},{"key":"bibr8-0748233713502843","unstructured":"CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) (2012) Sources of lead. 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